1. Genocide Twentieth Century

2. Genocide Definition (1944) – any of the following act committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group, such as

3. Killing members of the group Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group

4. Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part

5. Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group

6. Anatomy of Exclusion Stereotypes Blame Hatred Exclusion Legalized Persecution Extermination

7. Genocides of the 1900’s

8. Armenia - Then

9. Armenia - Now

10. Committee of Union and Progress Comes to power in the Ottoman Empire (1913) –Want exclusive Turkish state Get rid of Armenians (Christians)

11. Committee of Union and Progress Joins Triple Alliance –Uses World War I to hide their methods

12. Committee of Union and Progress “Re-Settlement” Program –Deportation of Armenians to South Forced marches Plunder homes and lands –Take what they want from Armenians

13. On the March South Attack convoys South –Hack people with swords – strike fear into survivors Place people into bondage in Muslim households

14. On the March South Do not provide provisions –No food or water When they reach destination people are sent further South into the desert

15. Killings Start with Armenian soldiers –Could be pro-Russian –Either shot or worked to death

16. Outcomes 1.5 million Armenians killed Only 400 Muslims arrested –Little punishment given STILL not acknowledged by the Turkish government http://www.armenian- genocide.org/photo_wegner.htmlhttp://www.armenian- genocide.org/photo_wegner.html

17. Bosnia – 1992-95

18. Background Bosnia was once a part of Yugoslavia along with Slovenia, Croatia, and Serbia After the death of General Tito, Slobodan Milosevic assumes power

19. Milosevic

20. Under Milosevic Conflict between Serbs (Christian minority, Milosevic's group, and Muslims)

21. 1991 Slovenia and Croatia declare independence –Milosevic invades Slovenia for 10 days before turning attention to Croatia Bombs Vukovar for 86 days Men and boys executed into mass graves

23. World Reaction Slovenia and Croatia recognized as independent UN arms embargo on all ex- Yugoslav Republics –Milosevic still has weapons

24. 1992 April –Bosnia recognized as independent 32% Serb – Milosevic's group Milosevic invades Bosnia –Sarajevo – snipers shot anyone 3,500 children shot –Burn towns, kill men, rape women

25. Turning Points February 6, 1994 –Mortar falls in Sarajevo market Kills 68, wounds 200+ Brings media coverage Reaction –Clinton orders Serb withdraw from Sarajevo -comply

26. Turning Points Srebrenica –“re-populated” town – all Muslims moved here Protected by UN –Serbs say that all men and boys need to be screened before returning to families

27. Srebrenica (con’t) Men and Boys loaded on buses and shot in country-side Women and children deported

28. Results of Srebrenica 12,000 men and boys shot –7,500 in country –3,000 trying to escape –1,500 in a warehouse within town More killed on farms outside of town

30. World Reaction UN air strike from August 30, 1995 until November 1995 Dayton Accord –Two Bosnia's –Elections –Prosecution of war criminals –60,000 NATO troops

31. Outcomes Milosevic stays in power until 2001 –Arrest by UN, put on trial 2004 Dies of natural causes March, 2006 –Trial incomplete

32. Statistics 200,000 Muslims dead 20,000 missing 2,000,000 displaced

33. Rwanda – April 6 to July15, 1994

34. Background Historically, Rwandans broken into two groups by Europeans: Both groups share common culture, language, and customs

35. The Groups Hutus –Majority –Workers –Laborers Tutsi –Minority –Landowners Favored by Europeans

36. Balance of Power By 1959 the Hutus are in power –Tutsis start the Rwandan Patriotic Front to combat the Hutus

37. After Independence (1962) Hutus persecute Tutsis –Tutsis may not go to secondary school or university

38. Civil War 1990 – Hutus vs. Rwandan Patriotic Front –Cease-fire signed 1993

39. Spark April 6, 1994 –As the president of Rwanda takes off for Burundi to sign a peace accord with RPF, his plane is blown up Tutsis blamed immediately

40. Genocide Hutus immediately start killing –Moderate Hutus first – no opposition –Tutsis – seen as “cockroaches” A parasite that is taking things from Hutus

41. The End The RPF attacks Rwanda –Stop the killing when they capture Kigali – capital

42. Final Number Over 800,000 killed in 100 days –Most by machete

44. World Reaction UN forces sent to evacuate other countries citizens Forces were allowed to monitor an observe, but not intervene

46. Darfur, Sudan – 2003 to Present

47. Background Traditionally there have been two groups in Sudan –Africans – farmers and landowners in Darfur –Arabs – nomadic herders

48. Background Arabs had taken power and start to ignore Africans’ needs Africans start the Sudanese Liberation Army

49. April 2003 Sudanese Liberation Army attacks air force base –Kill 75 –Destroy 5 planes –Capture commander

50. Government Response Sponsor the removal of Africans from Darfur –Use the Janjaweed Arab ethnic militia

51. Attacks Air Strikes – military helicopters Janjaweed or military move in Looting Burning Target food sources

53. Other Methods Rape of Women –Offspring will be Arab Guard water wells –No water to get through the desert

54. Numbers 250,000 to 400,000 dead 2.5 million displaced

55. World Reaction African Union has placed about 8,000 soldiers in the area to stop the genocide –Mostly from Rwanda UN has discussed the problem