1. Ch. 3 The Four Most Important Organic Biological Compounds 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Proteins 4.Nucleic Acids

2. C:H:O ratio is 1:2:1 (CH 2 0)n Simple sugars: glucose, fructose  Structural units, used to make larger, storage compounds: 1.Starch – energy storage in plants 2.Glycogen – energy storage in animals 3.Cellulose – plant cell walls (structure, protection) 1) Carbohydrates

3. Fig 3.7

4. Glucose Fructose Formation of a Disaccharide C 12 H 22 O 11 GlucoseFructose H 2 O (water) Sucrose A portion of a polysaccharide Monosaccharides C 6 H 12 O 6 (Simple sugars)

5. 2. Lipids Non-polar, hydrophobic (don’t dissolve in water) (CH) n COOH Functions: –High-energy storage molecules –Transmit signals/messages (steroid hormones) 4 main types: a)Fats b)Phospholipids c)Steroids d)Waxes

6. A) Fats Triglycerides – most abundant lipids in body, abundant energy!

7. Fig. 3.8B,C

8. -no double bonds-has double bonds

9. B) Phospholipids -cell membranes

11. C) Steroids No fatty acid chains Cholesterol: –component of cell membranes –Precursor for hormones (estrogen, testosterone) Fig 3.9B Cholesterol

12. D) Waxes Repel water Protect & lubricate Plant cuticle honeycombs

13. 3) Proteins Made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds enzymes cell parts like hair, nails, muscle fibers. Cell membrane transporters Fig. 3.12A

14. Fig 3.12C

15. Proteins continued DNA specifies the order of AA Order determines shape Shape determines function

16. Primary structure

17. Fig 3.14A-D

18. One AA substitution alters the form of hemoglobin, resulting in sickle cells. Anemia, circulatory problems, kidney failure, enlarged spleen…..

19. 4) Nucleic Acids DNA & RNA –Sequence is the code for protein synthesis Monomers of Nucleotides Fig 3.16A

20. The nitrogenous bases of DNA

21. RNA contains: ribose instead of deoxyribose, and uracil instead of thymine

22. Fig 3.16B,C: The structure of DNA