1. Chapter 2 Notes

2. City-States in Mesopotamia The earliest civilization in Asia rises in _____ and organizes into city-states.

3. Geography of the Fertile Crescent The Fertile Crescent – _____—arc of land between Persian Gulf and Mediterranean – Includes Mesopotamia—_____ a fertile plain – Tigris and Euphrates rivers flood once a year, _____. Environmental Challenges – Around 3300 B.C. Sumerians _____ southern Mesopotamia – Environment poses three disadvantages: – _____; sometimes no rain – land offers _____ – land has few natural resources; _____

4. Solving Problems Through Organization Sumerians worked together; find solutions to _____: – build _____ to control water, produce crops – build walled cities _____ – trade grain, cloth, and tools for raw materials— _____ Organization, leadership, and laws are _____

5. Sumerians Create City-States By 3000 B.C. Sumerians build cities surrounded _____ Each is a _____—an independent political unit _____ Uruk, Kish, Lagash, Umma, and Ur Each city has temple and _____; priests appeal to gods

6. Priests and Rulers Share Control – Sumer’s early governments controlled by _____ – Some _____ become rulers; dynasties rule after 2500 B.C. – _____—series of rulers from a single family The Spread of Cities – By 2500 B.C. many new cities in _____ – Sumerians exchange products and ideas with _____ – _____—process of one culture spreading to others

7. Sumerian Culture A Religion of Many Gods – Sumerians believe in _____ Polytheism – Gods are thought to _____ – Gods behave as humans do, but people are _____ – Life after death is _____ Life in Sumerian Society – Sumerians have social classes—_____ – Wealthy merchants next; at lowest levels _____ – Women _____; become priests, merchants, artisans

8. Sumerian Science and Technology Sumerians invent wheel, sail, and plow; _____ Make advances in _____ Develop _____ for building Have complex system of writing—_____ Study astronomy, chemistry, medicine

9. The First Empire Builders Time of War – From 3000 to 2000 B.C. _____ Sargon of Akkad – Around 2350 B.C., _____ defeats city-states of Sumer – Creates first empire—_____ – His dynasty lasts about 200 years

10. Babylonian Empire _____, take control of region around 2000 B.C. Make Babylon, on Euphrates River, _____ Babylonian Empire at peak during _____ (1792-1750 B.C. )

11. Hammurabi’s Code Hammurabi creates a _____ for the Babylonian Empire 282 laws on _____; engraved in stone and made public Set different punishments depending on _____ Goal for government to take responsibility for _____ Amorite rule for Fertile Crescent ends _____