1. Chapter 4 Elements, Compounds & Mixtures Section II

2. Section 2 - Compounds II. COMPOUNDS (p.86-89)- a compound is a pure substance composed of elements that are chemically combined. In order to combine chemically they must react or undergo a chemical change. What are the clues to a reaction? An example of a reaction or chemical change FireWorks Video 5/18/02 800kb FireWorks_320x240.avi lidmanmusic.com/sled/ SALT Sodium (Na) combines with Chlorine (Cl)

3. Section 2 - Compounds A. Elements combine in a definite ratio to form a compound- A ratio is a comparison of two numbers. It usually looks like a fraction or a time 1/6 or 1:6 or 1 to 6 http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/geology/images/water_molecules_sm.gif

4. Note to martin- add atom ratio and a second example c6h12o6 Ex.) The mass of hydrogen to the mass of oxygen in water is always 1 gram of hydrogen for every 8 grams of oxygen. If the ratio is different, it is not water. What does an atom of oxygen weigh? 16 amu What does an atom of hydrogen weigh ? 1 amu How many atoms of hydrogen in water? 2 What is the mass ratio ? 2:16 which reduces to 1:6

5. Section 2 - Compounds B. Every compound has a unique set of properties- 1. Like elements, compounds have their own sets of chemical properties like boiling point, density and color. 2. A compound has different properties than the elements that form it. (Ex.Sodium chloride) www.powerlabs.org/ chemlabs/sodium.htm http://www.vanderkrogt.net/elements/images/sodium.jpg http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/media/element-pics/Cl.jpg resourcescommittee.house.gov/.../ photogallery/ Click pic for video Na NaCl

6. Section 2 - Compounds C. Compounds can be broken down into element or simpler compounds through chemical changes. http://www.bytocom.com/Gallery/images/electrolysis.gif 1.These chemical changes can be brought about by running electricity though the substance (water and melted sodium chloride) heating the substance (Mercury (II) oxide) or sometimes even exposure to sunlight (hydrogen peroxide).

7. Section 2 - Compounds 2. Compounds cannot be broken down by physical changes. a. Physical changes include filtration, and grinding the substance into a powder. (Boiling and melting are also physical changes) Compound review videoreview

8. Section 2 – Compounds D. Compounds in your world. 1. Compounds in nature a. Nitrogen is a key element needed to make proteins. Those proteins can only be made by nitrogen compounds. Bacteria in the soil make those nitrogen compounds. http://www.beefretail.org/uDocs/1133Shoulder%20Steak.JPG anka.livstek.lth.se:2080/ rootnodules.htm

9. Section 2 - Compounds b. Another important compound is carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is exhaled by animals and people and used by plants. Plants then use the carbon dioxide to make other compounds like sugar.

10. Section 2 - Compounds E. Compounds in industry a. Nitrogen is combined with the element hydrogen to form a compound called ammonia that is manufactured for fertilizers. There are many other compounds manufactured in industry. http://www.uyseg.org/greener_industry/pages/ammonia/images/ammonia.gif

11. Section 2 - Compounds b. The compounds found in nature are often not the materials needed for industry. Often the compounds need to be broken down to provide elements used for raw materials. For example, aluminum that is used in cans and airplanes is not found alone in nature. Breaking down the compound aluminum oxide produces it. http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/oxides/spinel/spinel.jpghttp://www.leeric.lsu.edu/energy/rrr/aluminum2.gif Fun little clip on this topic