1. CYCLING OF MATTER

2. Biogeochemical Cycles (nutrient cycles) nutrients, atoms, ions, and molecules that organisms need to live, grow, and reproduce are continuously cycled from the abiotic environment to the biotic environment Some of the carbon atoms of your skin may have once been dinosaur skin

3. Hydrologic Cycle (water cycle)

4. Evaporation-conversion of liquid water to water vapor Transpiration-evaporation of water from leaves of trees that pull water up through the roots/stems Condensation-water vapor to liquid water Precipitation-hail, sleet, rain, snow Infiltration-movement of water into soil Percolation- downward flow of water through permeable soil and rock to groundwater Runoff-movement of water downslope back to the sea

5. Hydrologic Cycle Benefits: water dissolves many nutrients so it is a major medium for transporting nutrients within and between ecosystems –Evaporation removes impurities dissolved in water –Water that percolates through the soil is naturally filtered and purified by chemical and biological processes

6. Hydrologic Cycle How do humans affect the water cycle? –Depleting groundwater supply –Clearing of vegetation increases runoff, reduces infiltration that recharges groundwater supplies, increases flood risk, accelerates soil erosion and landslides –Polluting water supply with fertilizer runoff, etc.

8. Carbon Cycle From abiotic environment to biotic –Photosynthesis; plants “fix” atmospheric carbon into molecules of glucose

9. Carbon Cycle From the biotic to abiotic –Aerobic respiration –Burning of fossil fuels

10. Carbon Cycle Largest carbon stores:ocean sediments How humans affect carbon cycle: –Deforestation (less carbon removed from the atmosphere) –Adding large amounts into atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels

12. Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen is most abundant element in atmosphere (78%), but cannot be absorbed and used directly by multicellular plants or animals Can be “fixed” both by lightning and bacteria

13. Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen fixation:specialized bacteria (symbiotic with legumes; exs. Alfalfa, soybeans) convert nitrogen gas to ammonia

14. Nitrogen Cycle Nitrification:2 step process in which ammonia in soil is converted to nitrate ions by bacteria (easily taken up by plants)

15. Nitrogen Cycle Assimilation:plants make nitrogen part of its tissue, then animals that eat the plants also make the nitrogen part of its tissue

16. Nitrogen Cycle Ammonification:specialized decomposer bacteria convert nitrogenous wastes back to ammonia

17. Nitrogen Cycle Denitrification:specialized anaerobic bacteria convert ammonia, nitrates, nitrites back to nitrogen gas

18. Nitrogen Cycle How humans affect the nitrogen cycle: –Adding nitric acid by burning fuels which causes acid rain –Adding nitrous oxide to the atmosphere which contributes to greenhouse effect and ozone depletion –Excess nitrogen to water systems disrupts ecosystems

19. Other Cycles Sulfur Phosphorous –Not found in large amounts in the atmosphere so enters through weathering of rocks

20. MATTER CYCLES ENERGY DOES NOT!