1. Output Formatting No, I don't want 6 digits…

2. Standard Behavior Rules for printing decimals: – No decimal point: 1.0000 prints as 1 – No trailing zeros: 1.5000 prints as 1.5 – Use 6 digits : 123.43289 prints as 123.433 – Scientific notation for large/small numbers: 1234567890.0 prints as 1.23457e+09

3. Output and Formatting Output cout accepts expressions or manipulators – if expression, value is printed – if manipulator, output format is modified

4. cout options Manipulators : special values that tell cout how to do its job cout << "Hey – show 2 decimal places" << 5.1234; Basic manipulator : endl Others in iomanip library #include

5. showpoint Manipulator showpoint forces output to show the decimal point and trailing zeros Example: cout << 15.0 << " " << showpoint << 15.0 << " "; cout << 4.0 << endl; 15 15.0000 4.0000 Persistent

6. fixed Manipulator Doubles output in floating-point format: cout << 1231234234.23123123 << endl; 1.23123e+009 fixed forces output as fixed decimal points: cout << fixed; cout << 1231234234.23123123 << endl; 1231234234.23123123 Persistent

7. fixed Manipulator scientific manipulator – Return to floating point format cout << fixed; cout << 1231234234.23123123 << endl; 1231234234.23123123 cout << scientific; cout << 1231234234.23123123 << endl; 1.23123e+009 Persistent

8. setprecision Manipulator setprecision(n) – Number of decimal places before value is rounded cout << fixed << setprecision(2); cout << 15.128234 << " "; cout << 435.3 << endl; 15.13 435.30 Persistent

9. setw setw(x) – Makes next expression take up at least x columns Adds spaces to left cout << 5 << setw(5) << 12 << endl; 5 12...... – Longer expressions not affected: cout << 5 << setw(2) << 12123; 512123......

10. setw setw(x) – Applies only to next expression cout << setw(6) << 12 << 12; 1212........ cout << setw(6) << 12 << setw(6) << 12; 12 12............ NOT Persistent

11. Additional Output Formatting Tools setfill(char) – What char to use instead of spaces to fill columns left and right manipulators – Which side to justify text cout << left << setfill('*'); cout << setw(5) << 12 << 10; 12***10 Persistent

12. Goal Read in 2 numbers – numerator, denominator Print something like this: Enter numbers: 2 3 Numerator/Denominator Decimal Value 2/3 0.67

13. Goal Visualize spaces: Enter numbers: 2 3 Numerator/Denominator..Decimal Value........2/3............0.67 Break into pieces:........2 : right, width of 9 3.......... : left, width of 11 0.67 : 2 decimal places, fixed

14. Finished Program