1. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2009 Ira Pohl TIM Oct 29, 2009

2. Talk What is AI? A brief history Use in Industry UCSC work Future

3. What is AI? AI – a science/engineering of intelligence –In analogy to aeronautical engineering/flying AI – model of “human/cognitive” system –Is done as a theory of human intelligence

4. Acting humanly: Turing Test Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence": Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of fooling a lay person for 5 minutes Anticipated all major arguments against AI Loebner Prize

5. Thinking humanly: cognitive modeling 1960s "cognitive revolution": information- processing psychology Newell and Simon GPS Requires scientific theories of internal activities of the brain -- How to validate? Requires 1) Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects (top-down) or 2) Direct identification from neurological data (bottom-up)

6. Thinking rationally: "laws of thought" Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic: notation and rules of derivation for thoughts; may or may not have proceeded to the idea of mechanization Direct line through mathematics and philosophy to modern AI -Boole Kleene, Church, Turing – McCarthy, Robinson

7. AI prehistory PhilosophyLogic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system foundations of learning, language, rationality MathematicsFormal representation and proof algorithms, computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability, probability Economics/ORutility, decision theory Neurosciencephysical substrate for mental activity Psychology phenomena of perception and motor control, experimental techniques Computer Sciencebuilding fast computers, algorithms Linguisticsknowledge representation, grammar

8. Abridged history of AI 1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain 1950 Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" 1956Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence" adopted 1950sEarly AI programs, including Samuel's checkers program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist, Gelernter's Geometry Engine 1965Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning 1969—79Early development of knowledge-based systems 1980 AI industry -Symbolics 1995The emergence of intelligent agents 2003 iRobot – roomba Pacbot510 20xxnurses, chauffeurs

9. Packbot 510

10. RIBA -2008 Nurse Robot

11. Riba Description RIBA — short for “Robot for Interactive Body Assistance” — was developed by researchers at Japan’s Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) and Tokai Rubber Industries, Ltd. (TRI). Designed primarily to assist nurses by lifting patients in and out of their beds and wheelchairs (as well as on and off the toilet), the 180-kilogram (400-lb) robot can safely pick up and carry people weighing as much as 61 kilograms (135 lbs).RIKEN

12. State of the art Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997 -current best 3100+ vs 2800 for humans Proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture) unsolved for decades No hands across America (driving autonomously 98% of the time from Pittsburgh to San Diego) in 1995 -2005 132mile unknown terrain-completely autonomous During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics planning and scheduling program that involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people Roomba 2002 RIBA 2007

13. UCSC AI-and related Pohl- Heuristic Search, Should Robots have Nuclear ARMs Levinson-Morph, semantic networks Mateas-Games Intelligent dialog for characters,Façade Interactive drama Helmbold, Warmuth- effective learning algorithms McDowell,Doshay- Go program(machine champ in 2006) Elkaim- Autonomous Sailboat Wentai Liu – visual prosthesis, neural information processing

14. Achievements LISP, Time Sharing Games – early space war games Intellectual Games – mastery in Chess, checkers, othello, backgammon, scrabble- –But not(yet) Go or Poker MACSYMA –Mathematica, MATLAB DENDRAL(chemistry, medicine … experts) Robotics Speech and Handwriting recognition