1. Political Geography Cont’d

2. Different Types of Boundaries
Antecedent Boundary: A boundary that was drawn across an area prior to the area becoming substantially-populated. (e.g. border between U.S. and Canada)
Subsequent Boundary: A boundary that has been developed after a population has settled in a given territory.
Superimposed Boundary: A superimposed boundary is one that is created after a population has settled in the region.- 'Superimposed' implies that the boundary is 'placed on top' of the existing settlement.-An example could be the Indian- Pakistan borders.
Relic Boundary: A boundary no longer observed but that still affects the present-day area. (e.g. border between West and East Germany in Berlin)

3. Types of Boundary Disputes
Boundary: Disputes between neighboring states that focus on boundaries between them.-States often conflict with their closest neighbor. In boundary disputes states disagree about the definition of a boundary.-These disputes usually occur with antecedent boundaries, because the boundary becomes more important after the land has become settled.
-Since WWII, half of the world's sovereign powers have been in boundary disputes.
Locational: A boundary dispute in which states disagree about the location of a geometric boundary. -These disputes usually occur because the boundary divides a homogeneous population
Operational: A boundary dispute in which states disagree on policies applied to a specific boundary. These policies may imply immigration or land use policies.-For example, the U.S.A. and Mexico have different policies concerning immigration across the border.
Allocational: A boundary dispute in which states disagree on rights to shared  regions rich in resources.-For example, the U.S. and Canada may disagree about rights to fishing grounds in the Atlantic Ocean.