1. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel ISS-detectors “--Evaluate the options for the neutrino detection systems -- define a baseline to be taken forward in a conceptual- design phase” “Provide a research-and-development program required to deliver the baseline design  Funding request for four years of detector R&D “2007-2010” (but more likely “2008-2011”) The nice thing with neutrino beams is that one can have more than one detector on the same beam line! Missions:

2. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel Many thanks to A. Cervera, A. Bross, P. Soler et all for editing the report http://acervera.web.cern.ch/acervera/iss_report/Contributions.html PRELIMINARY

3. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel Mid-energy region: QE+ 1  + n  Super beam (Numi off, T2KK, CNGS+) high Energy beta-beam (CERN highQ or SPS+) WATER CHERENKOV (Mton) TASD (NOvA), Larg TPC Low energy region: QE dominates Low energy super beam (T2K, T2HK, T2KK, Frejus) Low energy beta-beam (CERN baseline scenario) WATER CHERENKOV (Mton) High-energy region: DIS Neutrino Factory Magnetized Iron Emulsion large magnet around: emulsion, TASD, Larg

4. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel INO ~7000 km (Magic distance)

5. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel Superbeam & beta-beam: Non-MAGNETIC Nu-Fact: MAGNETIC DETECTORS

6. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel Executive summary: I. baseline detectors beamFar detectorR&D needed sub-GeV BB and SB (MEMPHYS, T2K) Megaton WCphotosensors! cavern and infrastructure 1-5 GeV BB and SB no established baseline TASD (NOvA-like) Liquid Argon TPC or Megaton WC photosensors and detectors long drifts, long wires, LEMs Neutrino Factory (20-50 GeV, 2000-7000km) ~100kton magnetized iron calorimeter (golden) wrong sign muons + ~10 kton non-magnetic ECC (silver) wrong-sign tau (mu decay) straightforward from MINOS simulation+physics studies ibid vs OPERA

7. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel Executive summary II. beyond the baseline, (but should be studied) beamFar detectorR&D needed sub-GeV BB and SB (MEMPHYS, T2K) Liquid Argon TPC (100kton) clarify what is the advantage wrt WC? 1-5 GeV BB and SB no established baseline Neutrino Factory (20-50 GeV, 2500-7000km) platinum detectors! large coil around TASD Larg ECC engineering study for magnet! simulations and physics evaluation; photosensors, long drift, etc…

8. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel Executive summary: III: near detector, beam instrumentation beamBI, NDR&D needed sub-GeV BB and SB (MEMPHYS, T2K) T2K example…. CONCEPT for precision measurements? concept simulations theory 1-2 GeV BB and SB (off axis NUMI, high  BB) NOvA example.. CONCEPT for precision measurements? ibid Neutrino Factory (20-50 GeV, 2500-7000km) beam intensity (BCT) beam energy +polarization beam divergence meast shielding leptonic detector hadronic detector need study -- need study need concept simul+study simul+study+ Vtx det R&D

9. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel Water Cerenkov -- can be made in very large volumes (already SK =50kton) -- very well known technology -- other applications: proton decay, low energy natural neutrinos, atmospheric, solar and SN neutrinos, Gadzooks, etc… -- cannot be magnetized easily -- pattern recognition ~limited to 1 ring events (--> sub GeV neutrinos) -- baseline detector for sub-GeV neutrinos. -- three projects around the world: HK, UNO, MEMPHYS -- community organized and coordinated in its own cost estimates range from 0.5 G$ (HK) to 1G€ (MEMPHYS) for 1 MTon

10. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel The MEMPHYS Project 65m Fréjus CERN 130km 4800mwe Excavation engineering pre-study has been done for 5 shafts Water Cerenkov modules at Fréjus CERN to Fréjus Neutrino Super-beam and Beta-beam

11. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel Possible experimental set-up JPARC Off-axis angle 2.5deg.off-axis beam @Kamioka Distance from the target (km) 2.5 deg. off axis Total cost must be similar to the baseline design.

12. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel -- Liquid Argon TPC: DOE (detector of everything) it can do everything… wether it can do it BETTER than a dedicated standard technique is to be quantitatively demonstrated case by case. impressive progress from ICARUS T600 recent highlights -- effort at FERMILAB -- 2 efforts in EU: ICARUS and GLACIER -- observation of operation in magnetic field -- programme on-going to demonstrate long drift, or long wires talks by Badertscher, Menary, A.Rubbia

13. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel considerable noise reduction can be obtained by gas amplification

14. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel height is limited by high voltage 1kV/cm  2 MV for 20m… field degrader in liquid argon tested  (Cockroft-Greinacher circuit)

15. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel An ideal detector exploiting a Neutrino Factory should: Identify and measure the charge of the muon (“golden channel”) with high accuracy and efficiency Identify and measure the charge of the electron with high accuracy (“Platinum channel”) Identify the  decays (“silver channel”) Measure the complete kinematics of an event in order to increase the signal/back ratio NEUTRINO FACTORY DETECTORS

16. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel -- Magnetized Iron Neutrinofactory Detector*) this is a typical NUFACT detector for E  GeV GOLDEN CHANNEL experience from MINOS & NOvA designs prepared for Monolith and INO iron-scintillator sandwich with sci-fi + APD read-out proposed straightforward design 90kton for ~175M$ (Nelson) e     *) MIND

17. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel at 3000 km, 1 st max is at 6 GeV 2d max is at 2 GeV …but there are no events down there… At 7000 km 1st max is at 14 GeV

18. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel Magnetized Iron calorimeter (baseline detector, Cervera, Nelson) B = 1.4 T  = 15 m, L = 25 m t(iron) =4cm, t(sc)=1cm Fiducial mass = 100 kT Charge discrimination down to 1 GeV very similar to MINOS/NOvA/ND280 ex. detector: sci. fi. detector with multipixel APD readout Baseline 3500 Km 732 Km 10 9 4 x 10 7 2 x 10 9 7.5 x 10 7 3.4 x 10 5 3 x 10 5  CC e CC  signal (sin 2  13 =0.01) Event rates for 10 21 muon decays for 50 GeV beam (J-PARC I  SK = 40)

19. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel Multi-Pixel-Photon-Counter Operation baseline detectors for T2K ND280 detectors! Kudenko

20. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel New analysis (Cervera) OLD: P  > 5 GeV NEW: L  > L had + 75cm (shown for three different purity levels down to << 10 -4 ) probably underestimated efficiency in GeV region should be fully evaluated with QE included. old analysis new analysis NB performance of INO should be similarly evaluated

21. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel supermodule 8 m Target Trackers Pb/Em. target ECC emulsion analysis: Vertex, decay kink e/  ID, multiple scattering, kinematics Extract selected brick Pb/Em. brick 8 cm Pb 1 mm Basic “cell” Emulsion BASELINE SILVER DETECTOR Electronic detectors: Brick finding, muon ID, charge and p Link to muon ID, Candidate event Spectrometer  p/p < 20%

22. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel LARGE MAGNETIC VOLUME MIND + emulsions providegolden + silver + silver with low efficiency (muon decays) these are feasible and of established performance. platinum Observing the platinum channel   e silver or the silver channel e   for more decay channels requires a dedicated Low Z and very fine grained detector immersed in a large magnetic volume (CF NOMAD)

23. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel A Bross et al see appendix B Large magnetic volume Question: how to equip a volume of ~20-50kton of fine grained scintillator ( TASD or Liquid Argon) with a magnetic field that is sufficient to measure electron charge up to sufficient momentum ? Conventional coils (aluminum) power consumption is large (200M$/10 yrs)! Conventional supra: construction cost is prohibitive (140-600 M$depending on cost model) dominated by cost of cryostat to resist forces. Superconducting Transmission Line (using study for VLHC) (SC cable inside a 4K cryopipe) could be affordable For 30-60 kton detector. High Tc (useful for Larg TPC) not feasible today, but in 10 yrs? (See later for LArg)

24. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel x ~ a few X 0 =14cm…. B > 0.5 T

25. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel

26. Totally Active Scintillator Detector Similar to MIND … without the iron! Better muon tracking ability for low momentum – for what baseline is this useful? To be investigated: sign determination for electrons! interest in the concept of a lower energy Neutrino Factory (due to the lower threshold than the baseline magnetised iron detector) but more work is required in order to bring the understanding of this device to a comparable level to the baseline (hadron decays, efficiencies, available mass…)

27. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel

28. FIRST INDICATION THAT THE PLATINUM CHANNEL COULD BE USED! Electron wrong charge assignment

29. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel SYSTEMATICS - related topics

30. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel A revealing comparison: A detailed comparison of the capability of observing CP violation was performed by P. Huber (+M. Mezzetto and AB) on the following grounds -- GLOBES was used. -- T2HK from LOI: 1000kt, 4MW beam power, 6 years anti-neutrinos, 2 years neutrinos. systematic errors on background and signal: 5%. -- The beta-beam 5.8 10 18 He dk/year 2.2 10 18 Ne dk/year (5 +5yrs) The Superbeam from 3.5 GeV SPL and 4 MW. Same 500kton detector Systematic errors on signal efficiency (or cross-sections) and bkgs are 2% or 5%. --NUFACT 3.1 10 20  + and 3.1 10 20  + per year for 10 years 100 kton iron-scintillator at 3000km and 30 kton at 7000km (e.g. INO). (old type!) The matter density errors of the two baselines (uncorrelated): 2 to 5% The systematics are 0.1% on the signal and 20% on the background, uncorrelated. all correlations, ambiguities, etc… taken into account

31. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel What do we learn? 1.Both (BB+SB+MD) and NUFACT outperform e.g. T2HK on most cases. 2. combination of BB+SB is really powerful. 3. for sin 2 2   below 0.01 NUFACT as such outperforms anyone 4. for large values of   systematic errors dominate: Matter effects for NUFACT, cross-sections for low energy beams. This is because we are at first maximum or above,  CP asymmetry is small! matter effect for NUFACT

32. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel for NUFACT:  work on systematic errors on matter effect A preliminary study was made by E. Kozlovskaya, J. Peltoniemi, J. Sarkamo, The density distribution in the Earth along the CERN-Pyhäsalmi baseline and its effect on neutrino oscillations. CUPP-07/2003  the uncertainties on matter effects are at the level of one % J. Peltoniemi

33. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel

34. Errors in density location length“a priori”“best” Continental 2500 km4.7%2.9% Oceanic 2500 km2.6%1.7% Continental 9000 km2.0%1.7% Oceanic 9000 km1.8%1.5% Errors are ~2 sigma (but not really Gaussian) Avoid perturbed terrain (europe or US to Japan, across the alps, etc…) Dedicated study would reduce errors to below 2%  2% is standard hypothesis for Nufact studies

35. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel Near detectors and flux instrumentation

36. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel Near detector constraints for CP violation = A CP  sin 2    solar term… sin  sin (  m 2 12 L/4E) sin   sin   P( e   ) - P( e   ) P( e   ) + P( e   ) Near detector gives e diff. cross-section*detection-eff *flux and ibid for bkg BUT: need to know  and  diff. cross-section* detection-eff with small (relative) systematic errors.  knowledge of cross-sections (relative to each-other) required  knowledge of flux! interchange role of e and  for superbeam ex. beta-beam or nufact:

37. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel need to know this: experimental signal= signal cross-section X efficiency of selection + Background and of course the fluxes… but the product flux*  sig is measured in the near detector this is not a totally trivial quantity as there is somethig particular in each of these cross-sections: for instance the effects of muon mass as well as nuclear effects are different for neutrinos and anti-neutrinos while e.g. pion threshold is different for muon and electron neutrinos

38. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel at 250 MeV (first maximum in Frejus expt) prediction varies from 0.88 to 0.94 according to nuclear model used. (but what systematic error does one assign to this.?) for WATER: (free protons + Oxygen)

39. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel    Single track events…. (single ring in Water Cherenkov…)    Nuclear reinteractions

40. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel FLUX in NUFACT will be known to 10 -3 this was studied including -- principle design of polarimeter, and absolute energy calibration -- principle design of angular divergence measurement <-- to revisit -- radiative corrections to muon decay -- absolute x-section calibration using neutrino – electron interactions (event number etc… considered) this is true for

41. http://alephwww.cern.ch/ ~bdl/lepc/lepc.ppt 41 storage ring shielding the purely leptonic detector the charm and DIS detector from the precision of this sketch, it can be concluded that a lot remains to be done. for instance:  is shielding necessary at all?  Is the Cherenkov feasible; for muons? for ions (beta-beam)? Polarimeter Cherenkov BCT

42. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel Near detector and beam instrumentation at NUFACT BCT

43. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel

44. CONCLUSIONS -I The ISS detector task assembled in a new fashion a range of activities that are happening in the world. A number of new results were obtained and baseline detectors were defined. For low energy beams, the Water Cherenkov can be considered as baseline detector technology at least below pion threshold. An active international activity exists in this domain. 1Mton~(0.5-1) G€ For medium energy (1-5 GeV) there is comptetiton and it is not obvious which detector (WC, Larg or TASD) gives the best performance at a given cost.

45. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel CONCLUSIONS II golden channel. Progress was achieved to reach higher efficiency at the 1st maximum For the neutrino factory a 100 kton magnetized iron detector can be built at a (hardware)cost of ~200 M$ for the golden channel. Progress was achieved to reach higher efficiency at the 1st maximum silver A non-magnetic Emulsion Cloud Chamber (ECC) detector for silver (tau) detection can be added with a mass of >~5 kton These constitute the BASELINE. (This means that one can safely assess the performance of the NUFACT based on those detectors) There is interest/hope that low Z detectors for platinum channel can be embedded in a Large Magnetic Volume. At first sight difficulties and cost are very large. However this should be actively pursued. Electron sign determination up to ~10 GeV seems feasible for MECC, but not for Liquid Argon or pure scintillator detector. Studies are ongoing. It was pointed out that the efficiency for low energy muons is very high…but what is the interest of a low energy neutrino factory?

46. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel CONCLUSIONS III Near detector, beam instrumentation and cross-section measurements are absolutely required. The precision measurements such as A CP constitute a new game wih respect to the present generation. For the future super-beam and beta beam the near detector and beam diagnostic systems need to be invented. There is a serious potential problem at low energy due to the interplay of muon mass effect and nuclear effects. A first evaluation was made at the occasion of the study. NUFACT flux and cross sections should be obtainable with precision of 10 -3. An important design and simulation effort is required for the near detector and diagnostic area. (shielding strategy, Cherenkov, etc…) Matter effects were discussed with the conclusion that a systematic error at <2% seems achievable with good collaboration with geologists.

47. ISS-detectors report ISS/IDS meeting at CERN Alain Blondel CONCLUSIONS IV The next generation of efforts should see a go at the design effort and R&D towards the design of precision neutrino experiments. Existing neutrino beams and experiments can be the theater of such efforts (e.g. T2K ND, Minerva, NOvA, new Larg initiatives) Many studies require a substantial simulation effort. There is a motivated core of people eager to do so and this activity will grow. THANKS!