1. Growth in Vietnam, 2004-2012: Who Has Benefitted Most? Reena Badiani-Magnusson World Bank and Loren Brandt University of Toronto

2. Objectives Look at growth in incomes and distributive outcomes between 2004-2012 using the VHLSS Several key questions: – Where is the growth in incomes coming from? – What is the link between this growth and distributive outcomes? – What role are age, educational background and location playing in sorting households into the most rapidly growing activities? – Who has been hurt by the post-IFC slowdown?

3. Preliminary Findings (focus on rural here) Ongoing structural change in the economy – Shift from agricultural to non-agricultural – Declining role of family-run businesses, especially participation – Movement into the labor market Important role of growth in wage earnings, but segmented Urban: more highly skilled service sector jobs Rural: less skilled jobs in manufacturing Critical role of labor markets in intermediating flows between agricultural and non- agriculture, and the countryside and the cities Rapid manufacturing sector wage growth playing equalizing role in countryside and helping to offset declining role of agriculture; agriculture should not be ignored however Geography matters: – Sub-regional differences in rise of manufacturing; – Critical differences between North and South in growth in agriculture Education increasingly important, especially at the bottom Overall, modest rise in inequality: decline in fortunes at the bottom offset by rising middle

4. Distribution of Income, Vietnam

6. Measures of Incomes and Distribution

8. Average Income and Growth Rates by Activity, All Households

9. Average Income and Growth Rates by Activity Rural Households Only

10. Shorrocks Decomposition, Rural

12. Linear Probability Model for Participation

13. Summary: Participation Regressions Lower secondary education increases likelihood of working in manufacturing relative to primary or below Males/females 15-29 much more likely in mfg Market access matters for mfg – Paved road in commune – Distance to towns and cities

14. Unconditional Quintiles: Education

15. Unconditional Quintile: Land

16. Final Thoughts Need to sort through transitory versus permanent changes in distribution Functioning of labor markets increasingly important; same is true for land Can’t ignore agriculture and its role in the process of structural transformation Lot more to do!