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Chapter 11 – WATER ON THE GROUND

Published byLogan Stevens Modified over 9 years ago

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Presentation on theme: "Chapter 11 – WATER ON THE GROUND"— Presentation transcript:

1 Chapter 11 – WATER ON THE GROUND

2 The Hydrologic Cycle Hydrologic cycle Evaporation Transpiration
How water moves through 4 spheres Evaporation Change from liquid to vapor Transpiration Water from plants passes into atmosphere Condensation Change from vapor to liquid

3 The Hydrologic Cycle Water in Earth system Deposition Precipitation
Changes from vapor to solid Precipitation Condensed water falls back to surface (rain, snow, hail) Surface runoff Excess precipitation drains over land or via stream channels Infiltration Water soaks into ground via small soil openings

4 The Hydrologic Cycle Water in Earth system
97.5% of water in hydrologic cycle found in oceans 75% of freshwater is found in glaciers/ice caps 98.5% unfrozen freshwater is found underground

5 How Water Affects Land Streams and stream flow
Overland flow vs. stream flow Runoff Stream Body of water that flows downslope along clearly defined natural passageway

6 How Water Affects Land Streams and stream flows Gradient Discharge
Steepness of stream channel Change in elevation divided by distance Discharge Amount of water passing by point on channel’s bank during unit of time Width x Depth x Velocity Bed texture Material that makes up streambed

7 How Water Affects Land Streams and stream flows Load Base level
Sediment carried or by stream Bedload Saltation vs. Traction Suspended load Dissolved load Capacity vs. Competence Base level Lowest elevation stream can erode its channel Ultimate vs. local base level

8 How Water Affects Land Streams and stream flows Niagara Falls
Knick point = rapids & waterfalls

9 How Water Affects Land Streams and stream flow Channel Straight
Clearly defined passageway where stream flows Straight Rare Braided Interwoven channels Meandering Curving channel Cut bank Point bar Oxbow lake

10 How Water Affects Land Streams and stream flow Meandering streams
Cut bank (outside) Point bar (inside) Early vs. Mature vs. Old Age

11 How Water Affects Land Streams and stream flow
Stream drainage patterns Controlled by topography Dendritic Radial Controlled by underlying geology Centripetal Rectangular Trellis

12 How Water Affects Land Stream deposit Floodplain Alluvium
Flat valley floor adjacent to stream channel Inundated when stream overflows Alluvium Stream sediment Natural levee Alluvial fan

13 How Water Affects Land Stream deposit Delta
Sediment build-up where stream flows into standing water Triangular shape

14 How Water Affects Land Drainage basin Divide
Total area from which water flows into stream Divide Topographic high separating adjacent drainage basins

15 How Water Affects Land Tributaries Distributaries
Smaller channels that feed into larger streams More numerous around headwaters Distributaries Smaller channels that distribute water near mouth of stream Form due to excess sediment in main stream channel

16 How Water Affects Land Lakes
Standing bodies of open water surrounded by land Ephemeral lakes

17 Water as a Hazard & a Resource
Floods Event in which body of water overflows its banks Storm runoff Storm surge

18 Water as a Hazard & a Resource
Hydrographs of stream discharge Crest Hydrologic station

19 Water as a Hazard & a Resource
Flooding and urban development Impermeable surfaces

20 Water as a Hazard & a Resource
Flood prediction and prevention Flood frequency curve Recurrence interval Channelization Artificial levees Flood control dams Diversion channels Floodplain zoning

21 Water as a Hazard & a Resource
Surface water resources Reliable water supply critical to human survival & health, agriculture & other economic activities Nearly 250 million people are water-scarce

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