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Development of an Antenatal Screening Kit Katherine Paseman Under supervision of: Sean Monagle, Maxim Budyansky, & Kristy Peterson,
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Impetus Undergraduate CBID Program at Hopkins Jhpiego
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Problem Each year 6.3 million pregnant women and infants die due to preventable complications of pregnancy In developing countries 32% of women have no access to antenatal screening and when you look into the rural regions of these countries you will find this number to be as high as 80%.
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Problem Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia cause 576,000 deaths per year Current methods for detection are dipsticks (20-30 cents/ dipstick) Cheap treatments are available
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The “Key Question” Is there a way to improve the technology which already exists to detect Pre-eclampsia so that it is cheaper, more effective, and can be used as a platform to detect other diseases? (like gestational diabetes, and UTIs, and most other diseases which can be detected by Dipsticks)
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Quick Appendix Pre-Eclampsia: High blood pressure Indicator: Protein Gestational Diabetes: Diabetes during pregnancy Indicator: Ketones Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): Infection in urinary tract Indicator: Nitrites
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Current Progress
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Patent Reading
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Reagent Design Factors Thermal and Light Stability Moisture Resistance Evaporation Color Uniformity
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Device Design Paper Pen vs. dropper vs. spray Opaque vs. clear Packaging
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Ketones Fats not glucose Ketosis Two methods for detection acetoacetic acid β-Hydroxybutyric Acetone (CH 3 ) 2 CO Acetoacetic acid CH3C(O)CH2CO2H β-Hydroxybutyric acid C4H8O3
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Ketones Efficacy Comparison
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Ketone Problems No specific concentration Ketone decay
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Nitrites Not all UTIs caused by bacteria
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Nitrites Color Change due to Light
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Nitrites Efficacy Comparison
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Nitrite Problems Light exposure Low threshold Stunted Research
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What I’ve Learned about Research Ask questions, make observations Expertise optional, enthusiasm required
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Bibliography Dr. Anthony Speroni, Urinalysis Results Interpretation, http://www.drsperoni.com/downloads/articles/Urinalysis_Results_Interpretation.pdf, Jhpiego.org Wilson et. al, Denver Health Medical Center, (April 15, 2004), Laboratory Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infections in Adult Patients, Medical Microbiology, http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/38/8/1150.full.pdf Lillian Mundt, MHS, (2013), Chemical Screening of Urine by Reagent Strip, MediaLab, http://www.medialabinc.net/spg506373/nitrite_test_sensitivity.aspx Gary R. Skankey, MD, FACP, Infectious Disease, Las Vegas, NV, (no date), A Practical Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment of Infection in the Outpatient Setting Diagnosis and Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections, http://www.nevadapublichealthfoundation.org/userfiles/file/Physician%20Antibiotics%20Materi als/Article-Diagnosis_and_Treatment_of_UTIs.pdf Hiren P. Patel, Ohio State University, (2006), The Abnormal Urinalysis, Pediatric Clinics of North America, http://inovapeds.org/library/readings/Proteinuria/The%20Abnormal%20Urinanaylsis.pdf American Diabetes Association, (January 2003) Tests of Glycemia in Diabetes, http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/26/suppl_1/s106.full.pdf Sacks et. al, Harvard Medical School, (3/02) Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus, Clinical Chemistry, http://www.clinchem.org/content/48/3/436.full.pdf
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