1. Chapter 5 Early Society in East Asia 1©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

2. The Yellow River Huang He 3000 miles: Tibet to the Yellow Sea Deposits fertile, light-colored soil Periodic flooding: “China’s sorrow” 2 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

3. Prehistoric Society: Yangshao 5000-3000 B.C.E. Middle region of the Yellow River valley Banpo village Painted pottery Bronze tools 3 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

4. The Earliest Dynasties Xia  ca. 2200 B.C.E.  Organized through village network  Hereditary monarchy  Flood control Shang  1766-1122 B.C.E. Zhou  1122-256 B.C.E. 4 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

5. Shang Dynasty Bronze metallurgy  State monopoly Horse-drawn chariots, other wheeled vehicles Large armies Political organization: network of fortified cities, loyal to center  1000 cities  Capital moved six times Impressive architecture at Ao, Yin Other regional kingdoms coexist: Sanxingdui 5 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

6. Shang Dynasty Burial Practices Hierarchical social structure Burials alongside deceased member of ruling class  Sacrificial victims, mostly slaves  Wives, servants, friends, hunting companions  Later replaced by statuary, often monumental 6 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

7. Zhou Dynasty, 1122-256 B.C.E. No law codes: rule by decree  “Mandate of heaven” Aggregation of villages opposed to Shang leadership  Decentralization of authority Development of cheap iron weaponry ends Shang monopoly on bronze 7 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

8. Decline of the Zhou Dynasty Decentralized leadership style allows for building of regional powers  Increasing local independence, refusal to pay Zhou taxes Iron metallurgy allows for widespread creation of weaponry Northern invaders weaken Zhou dynasty, beginning eighth century B.C.E. Internal dissention: the Period of the Warring States (403-221 B.C.E.) 8 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

9. China During the Period of the Warring States, 403-221 B.C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9

10. Social Order Ruling classes great advantage  Palatial compounds, luxurious lifestyle  Supported by agricultural surplus, tax revenues  Defended by monopoly on bronze weaponry  Hereditary privilege Support class of artisans, craftsmen Evidence of long-distance trade, merchant class Large class of semi-servile peasants Slave class 10 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

11. Family and Patriarchy Devotion to family, ancestor veneration Connection of spirit world to physical world  Ritual sacrifices Father ritual head of family rites Earlier prominence of individual female leaders fades in later Shang, Zhou dynasties 11 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

12. Oracle Bones and Early Chinese Writing Used for communicating with spirit world, determining future  Question written on animal bones, turtle shells  Then heated over fire; cracks examined for omens Early archaeological evidence of Chinese writing Evolution of Chinese script  Pictograph to ideograph ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12

13. Oracle Bone from Shang Dynasty 13 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

14. Zhou Literature The reflections of Confucius Book of Changes  Manual for divination Book of History Book of Etiquette (Book of Rites) Book of Songs Little survived  Often written on perishable bamboo strips  Many destroyed by emperor of Qin dynasty in 221 B.C.E. 14 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

15. Nomadic Peoples of Central Asia Steppe nomads  Poor lands for cultivation, extensive herding activities  Horses domesticated ca. 4000 B.C.E., bronze metallurgy in 2900 B.C.E. Extensive trade with sedentary cultures in China Tensions: frequent raiding 15 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

16. Southern Expansion of Chinese Society Yangzi valley  Yangzi River: Chang Jiang, “long river”  Excellent for rice cultivation  Irrigation system developed The state of Chu  Autonomous, challenged Zhou dynasty  Culture heavily influenced by Chinese ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16