1. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Early Society in East Asia 1

2. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Discuss early agricultural society and political developments in early China.  Understand the rise and fall of the Zhou dynasty.  Identify key aspects of ancient Chinese society and culture.  Explain the connections between early Chinese writing and cultural development.  Understand the relationship between Chinese cultivators and the nomadic peoples of central Asia.  Identify the reasons behind the southern expansion of Chinese society. 2

3. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. GEOGRAPHY INFLUENCES CIVILIZATION Civilization grew along two major rivers HUANG HE RIVER (Yellow River) CHANG RIVER (Yangtze River) Isolated by geography (mountains, deserts, oceans) 3

4. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Traditional culture  no cultural diffusion ETHNOCENTRISM: Belief that your race is the greatest and most advanced Middle Kingdom = center of universe 4

5. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Varied regions EAST: Population settled here among fertile lands NORTH/WEST: Colder, harsher climates and rugged terrain  attacked by nomads 5

6. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. HUANG HE (YELLOW) RIVER VALLEY: Beginning of Chinese history Neolithic peoples learned to farm Control of river key Loess: Windblown yellow soil of the Huang He “River of Sorrows”: Loess caused water level to rise and sometimes cause floods 6

7. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  3000 miles: Tibet to the Yellow Sea  Deposits fertile, light colored soil  loess  Periodic flooding: “China’s sorrow” 7

8. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  5000-3000 BCE  Banpo Village  Painted pottery  Bronze tools 8

9. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  XIA  C. 2200 BCE  Organized through village network  Hereditary monarchy  Flood control  SHANG  1766-1122 BCE  ZHOU  1122-256 BCE 9

10. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. DYNASTIC RULE SHAPED ANCIENT CHINA SHANG DYNASTY (1766 BC – 1122 BC)  First recorded ruling dynasty in China  Developed highly structured social class system Noble Warriors & Land Owners Merchants & Craftsmen Peasants 10 DYNASTY: Ruling family DYNASTY: Ruling family

11. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  First writing system recorded on oracle bones  Perfected bronze-making for weapons and tools 11

12. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Bronze metallurgy from 1200 BCE  State monopoly  Horse-drawn chariots, other wheeled vehicles  Large armies  Political organization: network of fortified cities, loyal to center  1000 cities  Capital moved six times ▪ Impressive architecture at Ao, Yin  Other regional kingdoms coexist: Sanxingdui 12

13. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Hierarchical social structure  Live burials alongside deceased member of ruling class  Sacrificial victims, mostly slaves  Wives, servants, friends, hunting companions  Later replaced by statuary, often monumental 13

14. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. ZHOU DYNASTY (1122 BCE – 256 BCE)  Conquered Shang and believed gods were outraged by them  Mandate of Heaven: The divine right to rule  power to rule came from heaven  Dynastic Cycle: Rise and fall of a dynasty explained by how gods viewed government  Feudal society created: Zhou rewarded supporters with control over key regions 14 FEUDALISM: Organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord

15. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Economic growth  Iron tools helped farmers grow more food  replaced bronze  Expansion of commerce (trade)  Began to use money  RESULT: Increase in population 15

16. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  No law codes: rule by decree  “Mandate of Heaven”  Aggregation of villages opposed to Shang leadership  Decentralization of authority  local officials controlled their own village affairs  Development of cheap iron weaponry ends Shang monopoly on bronze  Early money economy 16

17. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Decentralized leadership style allows for building of regional powers  Increasing local independence, refusal to pay Zhou taxes  Iron metallurgy allows for widespread creation of weaponry  Northern invaders weaken Zhou dynasty, beginning 8 th century BCE  Internal dissension: the Period of the Warring States (403-221 BCE) 17

18. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18

19. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Ruling classes had great advantage  Palatial compounds, luxurious lifestyle  Supported by agricultural surplus, tax revenues  Defended by monopoly on bronze weaponry  Hereditary privilege  Supported class of artisans, craftsmen  Evidence of long-distance trade, merchant class  Large class of semi-servile peasants  Slave class 19

20. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Devotion to family, ancestor veneration  Connection of spirit world to physical world  ritual sacrifices  Father was ritual head of family rites  Earlier prominence of individual female leaders fades in later Shang, Zhou dynasties 20

21. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Used for communicating with spirit world, determining future  Question written on animal bones, turtle shells  Then heated over fire; cracks examined for omens  Early archaeological evidence of Chinese writing  Evolution of Chinese script  Pictograph to ideograph (a graphic symbol that represents an idea or concept) 21

22. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22

23. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Many works incorporated the reflections of Confucius (discussed in chapter 8)  Book of Changes  Manual for divination  Book of History  Book of Etiquette (Book of Rites)  Book of Songs  Little survived  Often written on perishable bamboo strips  Many destroyed by Emperor of Qin dynasty in 221 BCE 23

24. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Steppe nomads  Poor lands for cultivation, extensive herding activities  Horses domesticated c. 4000 BCE, bronze metallurgy in 2900 BCE  Extensive trade with sedentary cultures in China  Tensions: frequent raiding 24

25. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Yangzi Valley  Yangzi river: Chang Jiang, “long river”  Excellent for rice cultivation  Irrigation system developed  The State of Chu  Autonomous, challenged Zhou dynasty  Culture heavily influenced by Chinese 25