2. Review from last class: Where were the first humans from? Africa What is the climate like there? Very hot Did they stay there forever? No, they left and traveled around the world What does the word migrate mean? To move to another place

3. Early Human Migration The Big Idea As people migrated around the world, they learned to adapt to new environments Main Ideas People moved out of Africa as the earth’s climates changed due to the Ice Ages. People adapted to new environments by making clothing and new types of tools.

4. Ice ages caused people to migrate, or move, to new places. The ice ages caused many animals and plants to die, which led to a shortage of food. In search of better resources, early people migrated around the world. It took tens of thousands of years for people to make it all around the world!

6. About 1.6 million years ago, many places began to experience long periods of freezing weather, called the ice ages. People had to adapt (adjust) to the changing environment. They needed more protection to survive in the colder weather. Made better, warmer types of clothes and shoes Created better types of shelters Invented new stuff, like canoes and pottery

7. During the ice ages, huge sheets of ice covered much of the earth’s land. The ice sheets were made of ocean water, so places that are now covered in water were then covered in solid ice or frozen land. A land bridge, or strip of land connecting two continents, probably connected Asia and North America. Land bridges are how people migrated from one continent to another. When the Ice Ages ended and the ice sheets melted, the oceans levels rose and covered up the land bridges.

8. Bering Land Bridge

9. South America North America Asia Australia Europe Africa yrs = years ago

10. South America North America Asia Australia Europe Africa yrs = years ago How many years ago did humans live in Africa? 130,000 years ago 130,000 years ago What area did people move into approximately 67,000 years ago? What area did people move into approximately 67,000 years ago? Asia Asia What continent did people reach most recently? What continent did people reach most recently? South America. People only reached South America 13,000 years ago. South America. People only reached South America 13,000 years ago.

11. – His frozen body was found in 1991 in a glacier in the mountains of Europe – Scientists think he lived more than 5,000 years ago! – When he died, he was frozen in a glacier, so his body was preserved for thousands of years. His clothing and tools were also preserved. – His outfit was made of three types of animal skins sewn together – Had on leather shoes, a cape made of grass, a fur hat, and was wearing some sort of backpack – Carried an ax, a dagger, and a bow with arrows

12. Scientists think that he was murdered… Scientists think that he was murdered…

13. Beginnings of Agriculture The Big Idea The development of agriculture brought great changes to human society. The Main Ideas People began farming, which made getting food much easier. People began to settle down in towns and villages – they had permanent homes at last.

14. The time period when people’s lives began to change due to farming is called the Agricultural Revolution, or the Neolithic Revolution. Learn more about it by watching this BrainPOP video!this BrainPOP video

15. The Neolithic Period began about 10,000 years ago. The Ice Ages started to end and a warmer climate began. People began to domesticate or tame animals for human use. Animals provided meat, milk, and wool. They also carried goods and pulled carts. Women scattered seeds they had collected only to find that the seeds sprouted into crops. People realized they could grow their own food Before the Stone Age ended, humans started doing something that changed the way people lived – FARMING!

16. Agriculture is a fancy word that means FARMING People in the New Stone Age learned to make their own food instead of always hunting and gathering. Farming provided a much more reliable and dependable supply of food. FARMING IS BETTER THAN HUNTING AND GATHERING! They were able to begin living in permanent settlements instead of always moving around and looking for food.

17. Farmers learned how to make plants and animals more useful to humans. This is called domestication.

18. People learned they could plant seeds and grow their own crops. People learned to plant the biggest and sweetest crops for better food.

19. Sheep and goats were used for milk, food, and wool. Larger animals were used to help by carrying heavy loads and pulling large tools used in farming. Learning to use animals to help with farming increased people’s chances of surviving.

20. Farming meant that people usually had a surplus of food – having a surplus means that they had more than enough. People could now focus on other things besides just finding food. Specialization– People were able to “specialize” in other jobs besides farming. They could make tools, pottery, cloth, jewelry, etc. This is sometimes called the division of labor because people divided up the jobs. People gathered to perform religious ceremonies and built megaliths – huge stone monuments Created governments (systems of rules over a group of people)

21. A megalith monument begun in the Neolithic age and finished in the Bronze Age Located on the Salisbury Plain in England

23. The development of agriculture led to people settling down in one place. Why did farmers build permanent homes? They needed to stay close to their fields to water and care for the crops. They needed to watch the fields against wild animals or theft. Eventually, small farming communities grew into the first villages and towns.

24. Physical features are the natural characteristics of the land that we live on. Mountains, rivers, and deserts are examples of physical features. Certain physical features were necessary for the early human settlements. People needed to live near… Source of fresh water Most important! All of the first civilizations started near rivers! Fertile soil Dirt that is good for growing crops Mild/temperate climate Not TOO hot or TOO cold

25. Why is farming better than hunting and gathering? It creates a surplus (more than enough) of food. People have time to do other things besides look for food (specialization) Permanent settlements could be established (no more moving around all the time!) We’re not Romans, but we’re roaming…

26. 1. What caused early man to migrate out of Africa? 2. What adaptations did man have to make to survive the colder climates? 3. How did people cross from Asia into N. America? 4. What period of the Stone Age did farming begin? 5. Why was farming a better way of life than hunting and gathering? 6. What does the word surplus mean? 7. What physical features were necessary for the first permanent settlements? EXIT TICKET: Choose THREE of the following questions. Write and answer the questions EXIT TICKET: Choose THREE of the following questions. Write and answer the questions.

27. Farming Advertisement Create a neat and colorful advertisement to convince hunters and gatherers to switch to agriculture (farming). Include reasons WHY they should switch. Be creative! This will be graded. Write AND answer the following questions: Review Questions 1. What caused early man to migrate out of Africa? 2. What adaptations did man have to make to survive the colder climates? 3. How did people cross from Asia into N. America? 4. What period of the Stone Age did farming begin? 5. Why was farming a better way of life than hunting and gathering? 6. What does the word surplus mean? 7. What physical features were necessary for the first permanent settlements?