1. Warm-Up: November 12, 2014 What do you already know about blood based off of your prior knowledge?

2. Objective SWBAT understand that specific blood types can be associated with individuals and can be used as evidence

3. Agenda 1.Blood Basics 2.Screening for Presence of Blood 3.Case Study 4.Blood Types Tutorial 5.Grave Evidence Documentary 6.Exit Slip

4. What makes up our blood? RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) – The most abundant cells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our cells. WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) – They are part of the immune system and destroy infectious agents called pathogens. PLASMA – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones, clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight infection. PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.

5. Blood Facts The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight. Blood is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for disposal. It also fights against infection and helps heal wounds, so we can stay healthy. There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are about 40 platelets and one white cell. http://www.bloodbankofalaska.org/about_blood/index.html

6. Genetics of Blood Types Your blood type is established before you are BORN, by specific GENES inherited from your parents. You inherit one gene from your MOTHER and one from your FATHER. These genes determine your blood type by causing proteins called AGGLUTINOGENS to exist on the surface of all of your red blood cells.

7. What are blood types? http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm There are 3 alleles or genes for blood type: A, B, & O. Since we have 2 genes, there are 6 possible combinations. Blood Types AA or AO = Type A BB or BO = Type B OO = Type O AB = Type AB

8. How common is your blood type? 46.1% 38.8% 11.1% 3.9%

9. Blood Transfusions A blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to replace blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may be done if a person’s body can't make blood properly because of an illness. Who can give you blood? People with TYPE O blood are called Universal Donors, because they can give blood to any blood type. People with TYPE AB blood are called Universal Recipients, because they can receive any blood type. Rh +  Can receive + or - Rh -  Can only receive - Universal Donor Universal Recipient

10. Rh Factors Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeys to learn more about the human anatomy because there are certain similarities between the two species. While studying Rhesus monkeys, a certain blood protein was discovered. This protein is also present in the blood of some people. Other people, however, do not have the protein. The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor. If your blood does contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If your blood does not contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-). A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB- O+ O- http://www.fi.edu/biosci/blood/rh.html

11. Blood Evidence Blood samples – Can be analyzed to determine blood type and DNA, which can be matched to possible suspects. Blood droplets – Can be analyzed to give clues to the location of a crime, movement of a victim, and type of weapon. Blood spatter – Can be analyzed to determine patterns that give investigators clues to how a crime might have happened.

12. Microscopic Views Bird Blood Cat Blood Dog Blood Fish Blood Frog Blood Snake Blood Human Blood Horse Blood

13. Copyright © 2013 Crosscutting Concepts, LLC. All Rights Reserved. www.CrosscuttingConcepts.com Physical Properties of Blood Unlike water, blood is a suspension of solids and gases in a liquid. Blood behaves differently than water when it is moving. The viscosity of blood lowers as its shear rate increases (pumps easier at high flow rates).

14. Copyright © 2013 Crosscutting Concepts, LLC. All Rights Reserved. www.CrosscuttingConcepts.com Physical Properties of Blood The surface tension of blood is slightly less than water. Blood forms a spherical projectile, not a teardrop. A large amount of blood from a small wound means that the victim survived for a fair length of time. Blood normally clots in 3-15 minutes.

15. Copyright © 2013 Crosscutting Concepts, LLC. All Rights Reserved. www.CrosscuttingConcepts.com Physical Properties of Blood Fluid flow is driven by a pressure difference. Blood pressure drops with excessive blood loss and the bleeding rate slows due to this lower pressure difference. Upon death blood pressure falls to zero and bleeding stops.

16. Copyright © 2013 Crosscutting Concepts, LLC. All Rights Reserved. www.CrosscuttingConcepts.com Biological Properties of Blood Blood delivers nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports waste products away from cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.

17. Copyright © 2013 Crosscutting Concepts, LLC. All Rights Reserved. www.CrosscuttingConcepts.com Biological Properties of Blood White blood cells fight off infection and reject foreign tissue.

18. Copyright © 2013 Crosscutting Concepts, LLC. All Rights Reserved. www.CrosscuttingConcepts.com Biological Properties of Blood Platelets assist in clotting.

19. Forensic Testing Presumptive tests –Indicates a substance is present –Not specific Confirmatory tests –Confirm a substance is present –Specific

20. Presumptive Tests Kastle-Meyer (Phenolphthalein) Leucomalachite Green (LMG) Hemastix Luminol Other tests: Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) Benzidine Ortho-tolidine Ortho-toluidine

21. Kastle-Meyer Test HOW TO PERFORM: Place a small cutting, swabbing, or extract of the suspected bloodstain on filter paper - OR - Swab the stain using a slightly moistened swab

22. Kastle-Meyer Test 3 STEP TEST STEP 1: Add 2-3 drops of ethanol to the stain or swabbing Note: This will increase sensitivity by cleaning the area around the hemoglobin, better exposing the heme

23. Kastle-Meyer Test STEP 2: Add 2 drops of reagent Wait for ~5 seconds Note: This step aids in ruling out false positives due to the presence of chemical oxidants such as rust.

24. Kastle-Meyer Test STEP 3: Add 2-3 drops of 3% H 2 O 2 If immediate color change to PINK – the test is POSITIVE for the possible presence of blood If no color change – blood is not present or is in too limited quantity for the test to detect. Note: swab will eventually turn pink (even if negative) over time due to nature of oxidation reactions.

25. Luminol HOW TO MAKE: –Reagents needed: Luminol (3-aminophthalhydrazide) Sodium Perborate Distilled water Sodium Carbonate

26. Luminol HOW TO STORE: –Spray bottle works best for testing –Make each time you use it (daily)

27. Luminol HOW TO PERFORM: STEP 1: Spray the luminol directly onto the stain in question Note: This test needs to be done in the dark to see the luminescence reaction which can last for approximately 15 seconds –If the stain emits a light then the test result is POSITIVE for the possible presence of blood –If there is no reaction the result is NEGATIVE

28. Presumptive Screening Tests Luminol

29. ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay) Test Confirmatory test that specifies blood species Can accurately confirm the presence of human blood.

30. Case Study Articles

31. Blood Types Tutorial http://www.biology.arizona.edu/human_bio /problem_sets/blood_types/Intro.html http://www.biology.arizona.edu/human_bio /problem_sets/blood_types/Intro.html

32. Grave Evidence Documentary 1. Who was Marty Dillion and Stephen Scher? 2. What was the story that Scher told police of how Dillion died? 3. What were the two parts of the story that Zanin had trouble believing? 4. What made Dillion’s father suspicious? 5. Why did Stu Bennett suspect homicide? 6. What was the first thing that the MacDonell observed about Scher’s boots and what did that indicate?

33. Pick Your Poison Project Due Friday

34. Unit 5 Exam Overview Exam tomorrow

35. Exit Slip November 12, 2014 Go to m.socrative.com and enter 417101 Question: What are basics of the A-B-O blood typing system?