2. Mid-term Review Metric Practice Scientific Method Characteristics of Life / Necessities of Life Classification / Dichotomous key / Branching Diagram Cell Anatomy Cell Processes (Diffusion/ Osmosis, Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration) Cell Cycle - Mitosis and Meiosis DNA Genetics Famous Scientists

3. The Metric System ( work Sheet) A Standard Measurement System The International System of Units (SI) Length or Distance - Meter (m) Volume - Liter (L) Mass or weight - Grams (g) Temperature - Celsius Time - 24 hour clock

4. THE METRIC CONVERSION CHART (STAIRCASE METHOD - Mixed WS) Kilo 1000 units Hecto 100 units Deka 10 units Basic Unit Deci 0.1 units Centi 0.01 units Milli 0.001 units To convert to a smaller unit, move decimal point to the right or multiply. To convert to a larger unit, move decimal point to the left or divide

5. SIX STEPS: 1.Observation (5 senses), Ask a question. 2.Research Topic 3.Formulate a hypothesis (If…. Then.. Statement) 4.Experimental Designed to test hypothesis -Identify Independent Variable -Identify Dependent variable 5.Experimental Procedure 6.Conclusion - accept or reject your hypothesis Scientific Method Brain Pop / Scientific Method Quiz

6. Characteristics of Life (Questions) 1. 2. 3. 4 5. 6.

7. Characteristics of life NOTES 1. All living things are made out of one or more cells 2. All living things have DNA 3. All living things obtain energy, make energy, use energy and get rid of waste (metabolism) 4. All living things sense and respond to change 5. All living things reproduce (asexually or sexually) 6. All living things grow and develop.

8. Necessities of life: NOTES 1. Air - CO 2 and O 2 2. Shelter - a place to live 3. Food4. Water Cell Theory 1.All living things are made of one or more cells. 2.The cell is the building block of life. 3.All Cell come from preexisting cells. Rudolf Virchow Theodore Schwann

9. Dichotomous Key - Used to identify organisms using a series of questions describing characteristics Wacky People Key 1a Two feet2 1b Some other number of feet3 2a Does not look at all human4 2b Looks a lot like a human5 3a One leg6 3b Three or four legs7 4a Fly-like Mosk Cara 4b Not fly-like8 5a Seems to be a girlRita Nita 5b Not a girl9 6a Leg is curled, two feet Ru-ela.Brella 6b Leg is straight, one footGiggles 7a Three legs10 7b Four legs 11 8a Has webbed feetHex Oculate 8b Clawed feet12 9a Curly hair, no toes Lugio Wirum 9b Wiggly looking mouth, three toes on feetC. Nile 10a Very long nose, open mouth Elle E. Funk 10b Some other appearance 13 11a Has duck bill, two pinchersTri D. Duckt 11b No arms or pinchers 14 12a Has ears, tail, and beakGrif Leon 12b Four eyes on stalks Eggur Ondy 13a One eye, webbed feetCue Kide 13b Four stalked eyes, four pinchers Quadrumenox 14a Three toed feet, nose like a flower Tunia petalos 14b Spider-like, has spotsPatterned mulywumpus What is the name of this creature?

10. 3 Domains / 6 Kingdoms (Graphic Organizer Brain Pops: Classification and Six kingdoms)

11. 1. Kingdom Archaebacteria - Prokaryotic/ Unicellular 1. Domain Archaea Facts: First and oldest kingdom on Earth Found in extreme environments Heterotrophic /Autotrophic Some have cell walls (capsules) Reproduce Asexually (binary fission)

12. 2. Domain Bacteria 2. Kingdom Eubacteria - Prokaryotic/ Unicellular Facts: Found everywhere May make you sick Used in the making of Cheese and Yogurt Helps make Vitamin K Helps in the digestion of food Some have cell walls / capsules Reproduce Asexually (binary fission) conjunction Decomposer

13. 3. Domain Eukarya - Eukaryotic 3. Kingdom Protista4. Kingdom Fungi 5. Kingdom Plants 6. Animals Facts: Autotrophic / Heterotrophic Unicellular Heterotrophic / Decomposer Multicellular except yeast Cell wall - (Chitin) Multicellular Facts: All Autotrophic Cell wall (cellulose) Multicellular Facts: Most complex, Last to appear on Earth Heterotrophic

14. Carolus Linnaeus Father of Taxonomy Binomial Naming System (Genus and Species)

15. Theodore Schwann First two parts of cell theory All living things are made of cells Cells are the basic building blocks of life

16. Rudolf Virchow 3rd and last part of cell theory All cells come from preexisting cells

17. Robert Hooke Invented the microscope, First to use the word “cell” Thought that only plants had cells.

18. Anton von Leeuwenhoek First to see blood cells and bacteria using a microscope

19. Gregor Mendel Father of Genetics All cells had two sets of instructions, one coming from each parent Used words dominant and recessive

20. Rosalind Franklin Took first x-ray of DNA Discovered that DNA was in a spiral shape

21. James Watson and Francis Crick Built first model of DNA Won Nobel Prize

22. Cellular Organization Cells Tissuesorgans Organ SystemsOrganisms

23. PLANT CELLANIMAL CELL SAME Compare and Contrast the Plant and Animal cell

24. Cell Anatomy Plant cell has a chloroplast Plant cell has a cell wall Plant cell has a large central vacuole Plant has rectangular shape Differences between Plant and Animal cell

25. Organelles’ Function Nucleus Control Center of the cell Holds the DNA in a eukaryotic cell Holds the nucleolus Endoplasmic Reticulum Transportation of protein and other substances inside the cell Two types; Rough (with ribosomes) and Smooth (without ribosomes

26. Organelles’ Function Cont. Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis Lysosome Vacuoles filled with digestive juices which dissolve bacteria and waste Golgi Complex AKA Golgi Apparatus, Golgi Body Transportation of substances outside of the cell (vesicle) Mitochondria Energy (ATP)producer of the cell

27. Organelles’ Function Cont. Chloroplast Found in autotrophs, site of photosynthesis Cell wall Found in plants (cellulose), and fungi (chitin), provides structure Vacuole Large in plants and small in animal cells Cell Membrane Boundary of cell, allows certain substances in and keeps certain substances out

28. Cellular Processes Diffusion - Molecules go from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Passive Transport - NO ATP Required Osmosis - Water (H 2 O) molecules go from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi permeable membrane Facilitated Diffusion - Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration using protein channels through the cell membrane

29. Cellular Processes Cont… Active Transport - ATP Required Endocytosis – The active transport process by which a cell surrounds a large particle, such as a large protein, and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell. Exocytosis – The active transport process by which a vesicle filled with wastes makes its way to the side of the cell and spills out the waste.

30. Photosynthesis - Chloroplast A process that allows plants to capture light energy from the sun and change it into food Water + Carbon dioxide + Light Energy Glucose + Oxygen + Water 6H 2 0 + 6CO 2 + Light Energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 + H 2 0

31. Cellular Respiration - Protista, Fungi, Plant, Animal Mitochondria During respiration, cells use oxygen, and sugar to make energy (ATP) and carbon dioxide gas. Glucose Water Carbon Dioxide Energy Oxygen Glucose + Oxygen + Water Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 + H 2 O CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP

32. Connection between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration (Flow Chart)

33. Cell Cycle - Body Cells 1 Diploid Body Cell 2 Diploid Body Cells 1. Interphase 2. Mitosis (4 parts) 3. Cytokinesis

34. Mitosis 4 Steps 1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 4. Telophase Interphase

35. Meiosis - Sex Cells 1 Diploid Body Cell 4 haploid Sex Cells 1 diploid body cell 4 haploid sex cells

36. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Genetic Material Located in Nucleus of Eukaryotic Cells Chromosome Genes Base Pairs: Adenine - Thymine Cytosine - Guanine

37. Genetics - the study of how traits are inherited. Genetics Practice Problems Heredity - passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring Characteristics - inherited from parents to offspring Genes - one set of instructions for an inherited trait from each parent Dominant - the trait that seems to cover up another trait. (T)- Capital letter Recessive -the trait that was covered up by the dominant trait or seemed to disappear. (t)- Lower case letter Purebred or Homozygous -organism that always produces the same traits in its offspring. (RR) or (rr) Hybrid or heterozygous-not pure. (Rr) Alleles -Letters which represent a trait. Come in pairs one from each parent. Vocabulary Review Co-dominance or incomplete dominance - Each allele has equal influence Blending occurs

38. Types of Diagrams Pedigree Chart Punnett Square Branching Diagram