1. ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration Copyright Cmassengale

2. Where is energy located in a compound? In the bonds!!! When is energy released? When is energy needed? When is a reaction endothermic? When is a reaction exothermic? Name the 2 parts of a reaction. What form of energy does our body use?

3. What Does ATP Do for You? It supplies YOU with ENERGY so you can complete cellular reactions! Copyright Cmassengale

4. Does Your Food Contain the ATP Your Body Needs? NO! The energy that your body needs is contained in the bonds of the food. The food must be digested first then made into ATP by cellular respiration

5. ATP ATP – molecules that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes. The energy is trapped in the bonds!!!

6. Chemical Structure of ATP 3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar Adenine Base Copyright Cmassengale

7. How Do We Get Energy From ATP? By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP Copyright Cmassengale

8. What is the Process Called? HYDROLYSIS (Adding H 2 O) H2OH2O Copyright Cmassengale

9. How Does That Happen? An Enzyme! Copyright Cmassengale

10. How is ATP Re-Made? The reverse of the previous process occurs. Another Enzyme is used! ATP Synthetase Copyright Cmassengale

11. The ADP-ATP Cycle ATP-ase ATP Synthetase Copyright Cmassengale

12. When is ATP Made in the Body? During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals Copyright Cmassengale

13. Cellular Respiration Includes pathways that require oxygen Includes pathways that require oxygen Glucose is oxidized and O 2 is reduced Glucose is oxidized and O 2 is reduced Glucose breakdown is therefore an oxidation-reduction reaction Glucose breakdown is therefore an oxidation-reduction reaction Breakdown of one glucose results in 36 to 38 ATP molecules Breakdown of one glucose results in 36 to 38 ATP molecules Copyright Cmassengale

14. Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration 6CO 2 + 6H 2 0 + e - + 36-38 ATP’s C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 YIELDS Copyright Cmassengale

15. What Type of Process is Cellular Respiration? An Oxidation-Reduction Process or REDOX Reaction An Oxidation-Reduction Process or REDOX Reaction Oxidation of GLUCOSE --> CO 2 + H 2 O (e - removed from C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Oxidation of GLUCOSE --> CO 2 + H 2 O (e - removed from C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Reduction O 2 to H 2 O (e - passed to O 2 ) Reduction O 2 to H 2 O (e - passed to O 2 ) Copyright Cmassengale

16. What Carries the Electrons? NAD + (nicotinadenine dinucleotide) acts as the energy carrier NAD + (nicotinadenine dinucleotide) acts as the energy carrier NAD + is a coenzyme NAD + is a coenzyme It’s Reduced to NADH when it picks up two electrons and one hydrogen ion It’s Reduced to NADH when it picks up two electrons and one hydrogen ion Copyright Cmassengale

17. Are There Any Other Electron Carriers? YES! Another Coenzyme! YES! Another Coenzyme! FAD+ (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) FAD+ (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) Reduced to FADH 2 Reduced to FADH 2 Copyright Cmassengale

18. Other Cellular Respiration Facts Metabolic Pathway that breaks down carbohydrates Metabolic Pathway that breaks down carbohydrates Process is Exergonic as High-energy Glucose is broken into CO 2 and H 2 O Process is Exergonic as High-energy Glucose is broken into CO 2 and H 2 O Process is also Catabolic because larger Glucose breaks into smaller molecules Process is also Catabolic because larger Glucose breaks into smaller molecules Copyright Cmassengale

19. What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration? Glycolysis Glycolysis The Krebs Cycle The Krebs Cycle The Electron Transport Chain The Electron Transport Chain Copyright Cmassengale

20. Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place? It actually takes place in two parts of the cell: It actually takes place in two parts of the cell: Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm Krebs Cycle & ETC Takeplace in the Mitochondria Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria Copyright Cmassengale

21. Review of Mitochondria Structure Smooth outer Membrane Smooth outer Membrane Folded inner membrane Folded inner membrane Folds called Cristae Folds called Cristae Space inside cristae called the Matrix Space inside cristae called the Matrix Copyright Cmassengale

22. Diagram of the Process Occurs in Cytoplasm Occurs in Matrix Occurs across Cristae Copyright Cmassengale

23. Glycolysis Summary Takes place in the Cytoplasm Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen) Requires input of 2 ATP Glucose split into two molecules of Pyruvate or Pyruvic Acid Copyright Cmassengale

24. Glycolysis Summary Also produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP Also produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA and CO 2 is removed Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA and CO 2 is removed Copyright Cmassengale

25. Glycolysis Diagram Copyright Cmassengale

26. Fermentation Occurs when O 2 NOT present (anaerobic)  Occurs when O 2 NOT present (anaerobic)  Called Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle cells (makes muscles tired)  Called Alcoholic fermentation in yeast (produces ethanol)  Nets only 2 ATP Copyright Cmassengale

27. A Little Krebs Cycle History Discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937 Discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937 He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1953 for his discovery He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1953 for his discovery Forced to leave Germany prior to WWII because he was Jewish Forced to leave Germany prior to WWII because he was Jewish Copyright Cmassengale

28. Krebs Cycle Summary Requires Oxygen (Aerobic) Requires Oxygen (Aerobic) Cyclical series of oxidation reactions that give off CO 2 and produce one ATP per cycle Cyclical series of oxidation reactions that give off CO 2 and produce one ATP per cycle Turns twice per glucose molecule Turns twice per glucose molecule Produces two ATP Produces two ATP Takes place in matrix of mitochondria Takes place in matrix of mitochondria Copyright Cmassengale

29. Krebs Cycle Summary Each turn of the Krebs Cycle also produces 3NADH, 1FADH 2, and 2CO 2 Each turn of the Krebs Cycle also produces 3NADH, 1FADH 2, and 2CO 2 Therefore, For each Glucose molecule, the Krebs Cycle produces 6NADH, 2FADH 2, 4CO 2, and 2ATP Therefore, For each Glucose molecule, the Krebs Cycle produces 6NADH, 2FADH 2, 4CO 2, and 2ATP Copyright Cmassengale

30. Krebs Cycle ATP NETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH 2, & 2CO 2 Copyright Cmassengale

31. Electron Transport Chain Summary 34 ATP Produced 34 ATP Produced H 2 O Produced H 2 O Produced Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane Uses coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+ to accept e- from glucose Uses coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+ to accept e- from glucose NADH = 3 ATP’s NADH = 3 ATP’s FADH 2 = 2 ATP’s FADH 2 = 2 ATP’s Copyright Cmassengale

32. Electron Transport Chain Animation Electron Transport Chain Animation Copyright Cmassengale