1. First to Start, Last to Quit The Evolution of Hand-Held Power Equipment George Johnson

2. First to Start, Last to Quit Topics Emission Regulations: –California –Federal Industry Update Maintenance Recommendations

3. First to Start, Last to Quit Emission Regulation Agencies CARB: California Air Resources Board EPA: Environmental Protection Agency

4. First to Start, Last to Quit Emission Regulations Background CARB tier II EPA Phase 2

5. First to Start, Last to Quit What Is Being Regulated? HC Hydrocarbons NOxOxides of nitrogen COCarbon monoxide Future: PMparticulate matter

6. First to Start, Last to Quit Emission Effects HC smog, potential cancer cause CO toxic NOx smog PM toxic, visible smoke

7. First to Start, Last to Quit Emissions Regulation History Clean Air Act 1970 Amended CAA 1990 CARB tier I 1995 EPA phase 1 1997 CARB tier II 2000 EPA 2 Jan 2002 CARB Tier III 2005

8. First to Start, Last to Quit CARB Tier II Effective Jan. 2000 –HC + No x level 54 g/bhp-hr –No phase in –No engine classes –Some exemptions

9. First to Start, Last to Quit EPA Phase 2 Engine Classes Class III to 20cc Class IV 20~50cc Class V above 50cc

10. First to Start, Last to Quit EPA Phase 2 Jan. 2002 (Class III & IV) –Based on date of manufacture –HC +No x levels: 37 g/bhp-hr (class IV) –Phase in –3 engine classes –No exemptions (except volume)

11. First to Start, Last to Quit Corporate Averaging (EPA only) Exchanging of engine family emission credits within a manufacturer’s product line Credits can be banked, sold or purchased Shindaiwa uses corporate averaging

12. First to Start, Last to Quit Volume Exemptions Engine families with annual sales volumes under 5,000 are exempt until 2 years after phase-in for that class Class III, IV: Jan 1, 2008 Class V: Jan. 1, 2010

13. First to Start, Last to Quit EPA Phase 2 Phase-in with corporate averaging Prior Shindaiwa Class IV Average = 184

14. First to Start, Last to Quit EPA Phase 2 (Class V) Phase-in with corporate averaging Prior Shindaiwa Class V Average = 120

15. First to Start, Last to Quit Automobile vs. Handheld Emissions (HC, NOx) Small car: 91 grams/hour Pre-regulation 2-stroke: 275 grams/hour EPA II regulation: 40 grams/hour

16. First to Start, Last to Quit Emission Levels HC + NO x 1990’s1997199520002005

17. First to Start, Last to Quit Emission Output Pre-CARB 2-stroke 275 g/hp/hr CARB Shindaiwa 230 180 CARB II Shindaiwa 231 50 Shindaiwa T2510 20~23* *initial production without a catalyst!

18. First to Start, Last to Quit Other/Future Evaporative emissions Fuel spillage

19. First to Start, Last to Quit Fuel Spillage Pre-regulation: accounted for 15% of total handheld emissions output Today’s latest-technology units are 1/8 that level of emission output Most of current hand-held emissions come from spilled fuel and open containers!

20. First to Start, Last to Quit Why is a 2-stroke inherently higher in emission output vs. 4-stroke? Ports vs. valves Combustion not complete before port opens Some unburned gasses pushed “out the pipe” With valves, combustion is completed before the valves open (sealed combustion chamber)

21. First to Start, Last to Quit Industry Solutions Oxidation catalyst Three way catalyst Stratified charge Compression wave Hi-efficiency recirculator Electric Micro 4-stroke

22. First to Start, Last to Quit Industry Emission Solutions Oxidation catalyst (OC) –Shindaiwa, Stihl, Mitsubishi Three way catalyst (TWC) –Echo Stratified charge –RedMax, Tanaka & Stihl Compression wave –John Deere ?? High efficiency recirc. –Maruyama Electric –Echo Micro - 4 strokes –Honda, Ryobi, Briggs, Robin, RedMax New Technologies –Shindaiwa closed ported –Shindaiwa C4 –Stihl 4 cycle

23. First to Start, Last to Quit Attainable Emission Levels (g/bhp/hr) for HC + NOx –Oxidation Catalyst44-53 –Compression wave 46 –Three way catalyst37-44 –Recirculator41 –Stratified charge35-50 –Micro 4-stroke 11-23

24. First to Start, Last to Quit Brand “S” Solution

25. First to Start, Last to Quit Brand “S” Solution Catalytic Muffler 4-Cycle Hybrid RPM-limited ignition

26. First to Start, Last to Quit Brand “E” Solution Closed-port Cylinder EDM porting Oxidation Catalyst VST (variable slope timing) ignition

27. First to Start, Last to Quit Brand “E” Solution No mention of catalytic muffler All “1” models have catalyst

28. First to Start, Last to Quit Brand “E” Solution Actively working on 4-stroke technology Most recent micro 4-stroke patents at U.S. Patent Office belong to Brand “E”

29. First to Start, Last to Quit Brand “E” Solution

30. First to Start, Last to Quit Brand “R” Solution Stratocharged Technology Secondary air introduction for lean burn Does not use a catalyst

31. First to Start, Last to Quit Brand “R” Solution 25.4 CC Sold Solution To Brand “S” Sold Solution To Brand “T” (Home Depot)

32. First to Start, Last to Quit Stratocharged Limitations 37 g/bhp-hr without catalyst (claimed) 30 g/bhp-hr possible with catalyst

33. First to Start, Last to Quit Early Mini-4 Stroke Limitations Heavy New user requirements, procedures Slow to warm up Poor throttle response Not true all-position engines Questionable power, power/weight

34. First to Start, Last to Quit Honda, Ryobi, Briggs M ini 4-Strokes All have a crankcase None are true all-position All have a dipstick!

35. First to Start, Last to Quit Shindaiwa Solutions Expanded C4  2510, 3410  HT/DH2510  EB2510 EB8000 (OHC) Closed-port/Stratified Charge  T272  T232, T262 coming

36. First to Start, Last to Quit New C4 Engine Technology

37. First to Start, Last to Quit Shindaiwa C4 Features Rotary valve carburetor Reed valves (2) Overhead valves 2 ring piston Chrome cylinder Boost Chamber Mixed fuel lubrication

38. First to Start, Last to Quit Shindaiwa 2-Cycle Catalyst Emission range –As low as 40g/bhp-hr

39. First to Start, Last to Quit Catalytic Mufflers Need high temperatures to perform at their best Peak temperature is several minutes after shutdown

40. First to Start, Last to Quit Catalytic Characteristics Same as for a vehicle Hotter if run rich Potential fire hazard from direct contact

41. First to Start, Last to Quit Low Emission Unit Labeling

42. First to Start, Last to Quit Engine Compliance Rating “C” 50 hours: Consumer “B” 125 hours: Farm/Semi-pro “A” 300 hours: Commercial/Professional Engine must remain in emission compliance for this period Does not represent ultimate engine life!

43. First to Start, Last to Quit One Simple Fact: Low-emission engines are less forgiving than older engines!

44. First to Start, Last to Quit At WOT Muffler temps will reach 1000° F in about 2 minutes. Exhaust Temps

45. First to Start, Last to Quit Higher Temperatures Require Better Oils Today’s low-emission engines run at considerably higher temperature vs. older engines Earlier oil additive packages may not be designed to operate at these temperatures

46. First to Start, Last to Quit Mixing Oil New engine technologies require the use of ISO EGD or JASO FC grade oil We recommend Shindaiwa One High Performance mixing oil

47. First to Start, Last to Quit Low-Emission Engine Maintenance Clean cylinder fins Clean air intake Clean air filter Use correct spark plug heat range Use line limiters Run at WOT whenever possible

48. First to Start, Last to Quit Thank You! Questions?