1. Criteria of a good research field Intellectually challenging Significant contributions to the society Provides jobs

2. Atmospheric Chemistry as a Good Research Field Air Pollution –Ozone –Aerosols Climate Changes –Greenhouse gases –Aerosols ----------------- Both subjects above provide good jobs, are tremendously important to the society, and have numerous challenging problems left.

3. IPCC Climate Change 2001

4. Atmospheric Chemistry: The Driving Force of Life Nearly all energy of the biota comes from the oxidation of carbohydrates CH2O + O2 -> CO2 + H2O This energy cycle is closed by the photosynthesis CO2 + H2O + h -> CH2O + O2 (The ultimate energy source is the mighty sun!) In turn, the biota control key processes of atmospheric chemistry, e.g. O2 abundance, C-cycle, N-cycle, etc.

5. 台灣地區臭氧與懸浮微粒預報模式建 立及生成與傳輸機制分析 計畫主持人：劉紹臣 共同主持人：李崇德、鄭曼婷、吳義林、袁中新、陳瑞仁、林博雄 協同主持人：周崇光、龍世俊、許世傑、林傳堯 、張志忠 行政院環境保護署九十一年度專案計畫

6. 計畫目標 1. 發展台灣地區區域性臭氧及懸浮微粒預報模式 2. 透過觀測實驗，瞭解台灣地區臭氧及懸浮微粒生成與 分佈的機制（包括區域性產生源及長程傳輸因素） 台灣地區臭氧與懸浮微粒預報模式建立及生成與 傳輸機制分析

7. 工作方法及成果 現有資料之分析 模式模擬 觀測實驗 台灣地區臭氧與懸浮微粒預報模式建立及生成與 傳輸機制分析

8. 1998 年各國環境負荷比較（超過一千萬人口國家） 各 國 環境負 荷 人口密 度 ( 人 / km 2 ) 工廠密度 ( 工廠數 / km 2 ) 車輛密度 ( 車輛數 / km 2 ) 能源消耗 ( 噸油當量 / km 2 ) 台灣 6072.744422,047 日本 3341.142191,340 德國 2300.12126953 英國 2380.06102230 美國 270.0421219 台灣 / 各 國 1.8~22 倍 2.4~68.5 倍 2~21 倍 1.5~9.3 倍 台灣 世界排 名 2111

9. Fig. 3

10. SeaWiFs Spring (1998~2002)

11. SeaWiFs Winter (1997~2001)

13. SeaWiFs Summer (1998~2001)

14. 台灣氣膠化學觀測網 (SINCE 2002) 焦點議題 亞洲沙塵對台灣地區空氣品質之影 響程度與範圍 污染物長程輸送對台灣地區空氣品 質之影響 二次氣膠之生成與空間分佈 觀測項目 氣膠質量濃度 (PM 2.5 &PM 10 ) 氣膠質量粒徑分佈 (PM 10 ) 氣膠化學組成 (PM 2.5 & PM 10 ) 有機碳及元素碳 (OC/EC) 地殼元素 重金屬元素 水溶性離子 太陽輻射量及氣膠光學厚度 ( 台北 & 台南 ) 揮發性有機物 (VOCs)

15. 2002 Autumn Measurement PM 10 Compositions [PM10=48.6  g/m 3 ] [PM10=57.4  g/m 3 ][PM10=44.9  g/m 3 ] [PM10=43.6  g/m 3 ][PM10=34.8  g/m 3 ]

16. 2003 Spring Measurement PM 10 Compositions

17. Local pollution Front passed: 1.Dust storm 2.Long range transport 3.Clean An analysis of the Distributions of Aerosols and Air Pollutants during Dust-Storm Period over Northern Taiwan Data: 1999/11~2000/05 2000/11~2001/05

18. Local pollution: Met. Data: wind, TM, pollutants: CO, SO2, O3, (NOx+O3), PM10

19. Front Passed: Dust-storm case Met. Data: wind, rain, Tm pollutants: PM10, (O3+NOx), O3, CO, SO2

20. Front passed with pollution

21. Front Passed but Clean: Met. Data: wind, rain, Tm pollutants: PM10, (O3+NOx), O3, CO, SO2

22. LPDSFPFCM 1999/11250104 1999/12210253 2000/01170590 2000/021330 0 2000/03253030 2000/04223050 2000/05291010 2000/111800111 2000/121700113 2001/01252040 2001/02192070 2001/03262030 2001/04253020 2001/05231052 Total(days) 3052087913 %71.74.71.918.63.1 Average (ug/m3) 47.4127.68532.8

23. PM10 (ug/m3) (30) CO (ppm) (0.25) SO2 (ppb) (0.5) NOX (ppb) (0.2) NO2+O3 (ppb) (40) ST03 (Wan-li)49.4 (61%) 0.3 (77%) 1.2 (42%) 8.1 (2.47%) 48.5 (82.5%) ST10 (Tan- shui) 42.0 (71%) 0.6 (38%) 1.9 (26%) 21.1 (0.95%) 51.1 (78.3%) ST19 (Guan-in)52.0 (58%) 0.3 (77%) 5.2 (10%) 17.8 (1.12%) 52.2 (76.6%) ST27 (San-i) 53.5 (56%) 0.4 (58%) 1.6 (31%) 21.0 (0.95%) 47.2 (84.7%) ST41 (Tai-se)65.7 (53%) 0.4 (58%) 2.8 (18%) 14.4 (1.39%) 47.4 (84.4%) ST61 (Heng- chun) 31.9 (94%) 0.3 (77%) 0.3 (167%) 1.4 (14.29%) 38.2 (104.7%) ST62 (Tai-tung)34.9 (86%) 0.5 (46%) 0.5 (100%) 11.8 (1.69%) 39.9 (100.3%)

24. ST63 (Hua-lien)36.9 (81%) 0.7 (33%) 0.6 (83%) 21.4 (0.93%) 42.2 (94.8%) ST64 (Yang-ming) 20.7 (145%) 0.3 (77%) 1.2 (42%) 4.0 (5%) 47.2 (84.7%) ST65 (I-Lan) 35.6 (84%) 0.5 (46%) 1.1 (45%) 15.7 (1.27%) 44.3 (90.3%) ST14 (Ku-tin) Taipei 48.3 (62%) 0.9 (26%) 3.0 (17%) 47.4 (0.42%) 68.8 (58.1%) ST24 (Shin-chu)51.3 (58%) 0.7 (33%) 4.3 (12%) 31.9 (0.63%) 55.4 (72.2%) ST31 (Tai- chung) 73.1 (41%) 1.0 (23%) 3.5 (14%) 48.9 (0.41%) 70.5 (56.7%) ST42 (Cha-i) 95.6 (31%) 0.8 (29%) 4.7 (11%) 42.4 (0.47%) 61.5 (65%) ST46 (Tai-nan) 93.6 (32%) 0.9 (26%) 5.0 (10%) 34.1 (0.59%) 55.7 (71.8%) ST53 (Nan-tze) Kaohsiung 91.9 (33%) 0.6 (38%) 4.7 (11%) 37.0 (0.54%) 64 (62.5%)

25. Fig. 3

26. 台灣日照時數之長期變化， 1970 年以後約減少 15% ，可能是 由於氣膠汙染物對雲的影响。

32. Figure 8. Average daily minimum temperature in Taiwan (bottom panel), average daily maximum temperature in Taiwan (middle panel), average diurnal temperature range in Taiwan (top panel).

35. Figure 1. Landsat IR image of Taichung city and vicinity. (25 km X 25 km) (From CSRSR, NCU)

36. 海風 午後雷陣雨 積雨雲 圖 6. 海陸風環流示意圖

38. In Cooperation with the IAMAS Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution (CACGP) A Core Project of the International Geosphere- Biosphere Programme (IGBP)

39. Defining IGAC's Scientific Directions for the Next Decade Initial Scientific Questions:  What is the role of atmospheric chemistry in amplifying or damping global change?  Within the Earth System, what effects do changing regional emissions and depositions, long-range transport, and transformations have on tropospheric chemical composition and air quality?

40. International Project Offices 1. US Core Project Office Co-Chair: Tim Bates, NOAA 2. Taipei Core Project Office Co-Chair: Shaw Liu, Academia Sinica 3. European Core Project Office Co-Chair: Sandro Fuzzi, Italy

41. Defining IGAC's Scientific Directions for the Next Decade What is the role of atmospheric chemistry in amplifying or damping global change?  What are the relative roles of stratosphere-troposphere exchange, anthropogenic and natural precursor emissions, and in situ photochemical processes in controlling O 3 and its effect on global change?  What are the sources, sinks, distributions and properties of aerosols and their direct radiative effects on climate?  What are the effects of aerosols on clouds, precipitation, and regional hydrological cycles?  How will changing emissions and depositions of gases affect spatial patterns of climate forcing?

42. Defining IGAC's Scientific Directions for the Next Decade Scientific Objectives:  To accurately determine global distributions of both short and long lived chemical species in the atmosphere and to document their changing concentrations over time.  To provide a fundamental understanding of the processes that control the distributions of chemical species in the atmosphere and their impact on global change and air quality.  To improve our ability to predict the chemical composition of the atmosphere over the coming decades by integrating our understanding of atmospheric processes with the response and feedbacks of the Earth System.

43. Defining IGAC's Scientific Directions for the Next Decade  What is the role of atmospheric chemistry in amplifying or damping global change?

44. Transport of Asian Pollution across Pacific Clearly Observed Carbon monoxide is a medium-lived pollutant Asian plumes as concentrated as polluted rural U.S. ITCT measurements off the coast of California, David Parrish, NOAA/AL