1. Water Unit Water, Water, Everywhere The Hydrosphere all life depends on water Water Quality

2. Where is most of the Earth’s water found? Oceans What percent of the Earth is covered with water? Around 70% What is the hydrosphere? Hydrosphere includes oceans, rivers, streams, lakes and other bodies of water. The Hydrosphere also includes water frozen in the polar ice caps and water vapors in the atmosphere. The prefix “hydro” comes from where and what does it mean? Hydro come from the Greek language and means Water What is the water cycle? The water cycle refers to the constant movement of water. This includes evaporation, condensation, precipitation, run off and collection

3. Water quality describes what? The condition of the water, including chemical, physical, and biological characteristics, usually with respect to its suitability for a particular purpose such as drinking, swimming, and sustaining life. What affects the Earth’s quality of water? Temperature, pH, Nitrates & Phosphorus, Turbidity, Biological Indicators Think back to our studied of Ecology “Miracle Fish" and the affects of increased algae in the water. How can an increase of algae caused by an increase of warmer temperatures have a negative impact on marine organisms? Algae are living organisms that absorb oxygen in the water. An overabundance of algae can cause areas of water to be depleted of oxygen that is needed by other aquatic life forms. Give an example of how Thermal Pollution takes place. Any of the following can are examples of thermal pollution: -Storm water running off of warm streets and parking lots -Construction along riverbanks removing shading trees increases amount of sunlight. -Soil erosion increases the amount of solids in water which absorbs more of the sun’s heat

4. Using the pH scale, at what point do normal adult fish begin to die? Between 3 and 4 According to what you have read, what can cause an increase in the levels of pH in Earth’s water? Human interaction causes an increase in Earth’s water quality Why is Nitrogen an important element among all thing things? Nitrates or Nitrogen is necessary for protein production in living organism. What can cause an over abundance of nitrates in Earth’s water? The burning of fossil fuels has increased the amount of nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide released into the atmosphere. The two combine with moisture in the air and falls as acid rain What does BMP stand for when discussing water quality? Best Management Practices (BMP) is a concept farmers have to practice in order to keep fertilizers and animal sewage out of water.

5. Too much of the Phosphorus element in Earth’s water can cause what? Increase phosphorus causes an increase in algae growth. If a stream has an increase in turbidity, what will the water look like? The turbidity is greater when water is murkier. Turbidity increases as the suspended solids in water increases and keeps sunlight from passing through. Clay, silt, plankton, industrial waste and sewage are things that increase the turbidity or cloudy appearance. Explain how the increase of turbidity can affect water temperatures and aquatic organisms? As turbidity increase, the water will become darker and murkier. This will prevent sunlight and heat from penetrating the surface of the water creating cool spots wher some organism may not be able to survive. What do Hydrologist and other scientist use to determine the health of water resources? Biological Indicators The chemical compound for water is H20. What does this means? This means that there are two hydrogen atoms bonding with one oxygen atom to create a molecule of water What is a Polar Molecule? A bonding of atoms that have opposite charges

6. What is the difference between a compound and a molecule? The difference between a compound and a molecule is a molecule is formed when two or more atoms join together chemically. A compound is a molecule that contains at least two different elements. In this case: Hydrogen and Oxygen. All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds. What is a Solvent? A solvent is a substance in which some other substance, called a solute, can dissolve to form a solution. Both the solvent and the solute can be solid, liquid, or gas, but liquid solvents and liquid or solid solutes are the most common and useful Why is water considered the Universal Solvent? Liquid water is often called the “Universal Solvent” because it is able to dissolve more substances than any other liquid on Earth Why does it take long for water to heat up than it does a metal burner on a stove top? The high specific heat of water gives it a high heat capacity. This means that water is capable of absorbing a great deal of energy. Why do ice cubes float in water? Water in the form of ice is less dense than liquid water; therefore, it will float in liquid water.

7. Hydrosphere Anything related to water is a part of the hydrosphere. Evaporation The phase change that occurs when liquid water acquires enough heat energy to form water vapor. Condensation The phase change that occurs when water vapor loses heat energy to form liquid water. It is generally brought about by a fall in air temperature. Precipitation Literally “to fall out of.” In nature, precipitation may take the form of rain, snow, hail, and sleet. Frost is not precipitation, but occurs when water vapor changes directly from a gas to a solid. Collection When water (in any form) returns back to Earth as precipitation. it may fall back (collect) into the rivers, lakes, oceans or may end up on land. Water Quality Describes the condition of the water, including chemical, physical, and biological characteristics, usually with respect to its suitability for a particular purpose such as drinking, swimming, and sustaining life.

8. Temperature A measure of molecular motion, generally using a Fahrenheit (F) or Celsius (C) scale. Thermal Pollution Thermal pollution is caused by adding relatively warm water to a cool body of water pH A way of describing the acidic or basic strength of a solution. The pH value of a solution is a number on a scale from 0 to 14. Turbidity Turbidity is the measure of the clarity or clearness of water Biological Indicators Living organism that help scientist determine the health of water resources Cohesion Cohesion is the attractive force between water molecules. Adhesion Adhesion is when a molecules of water is attracted to other substances. Solvent a substance in which some other substance, called a solute, can dissolve to form a solution.

9. Capillary Action is the process that moves water through narrow porous (passages where water can move through) spaces. Specific Heat Is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius. Density is measure of the mass of a substance contained in a given volume. Buoyant or Buoyancy refers to a material that floats