1. Ocean and Atmosphere

2. Earth’s Heat Budget and Atmospheric Circulation Atmospheric properties Earth’s Energy Budget Vertical Atmospheric Circulation Surface Atmospheric Circulation

3. Atmospheric Temperature

4. Water vapor saturation pressure How much water vapor the air can “hold”

5. Density of Air Which is more dense, DRY air or HUMID air? –Air:N 2 (14*2=28) O 2 (16*2=32) –Water: H 2 O (2+16=18) Light molecules displace heavier molecules…

6. Density of Air Humid air is light, and rises Dry air is heavy, and sinks

7. Water vapor, convection, condensation 1. Adiabatic Expansion  Cooling 2. Condensation  Release latent heat of vaporization

10. Water Budget

11. Earth’s Heat Sources Geothermal = 0.1 cal/cm 2 /day Solar = 2880 0.1 cal/cm 2 /day BALANCED BUDGET! –Wavelength (μm) = 2900 / T (K o ) SUN = 2900/5600 ≈ 0.5 μm (visible light) Earth = 2900/290 ≈ 10 μm (infrared)

12. Sun’s Radiation

13. Earth’s Heat Budget

15. Atmosphere reflection and absorbance

16. Global Warming: Increased heat absorption in the atmosphere

17. Seasonal variability in solar radiation

18. Latitudinal variability in solar radiation

19. Latitudinal Heat Budget

21. So what are the effects of uneven heating? Less Dense Air: –HOT –HUMID More Dense Air: –COLD –DRY

22. Atmospheric Convection in a NON-Rotating Earth LOW Surface Air Pressure HIGH Surface Air Pressure

23. Low & High Pressure

24. But… The Earth Spins! FLASH NEWS: The US attempts to stop the axis of Evil by bombing Quito (Ecuador), using cannons located in Buffalo (NY)!

25. Bombing of Quito from Buffalo

29. Earth Rotation: Coriolis Effect Apparent deflection force due to Earth’s rotation Acts on freely moving objects North Hemisphere: Deflection to the right South Hemisphere: Deflection to the left C = (2Ωsin(lat))v –V=velocity of a particle in motion –Ω=constant (angular velocity of Earth) So: –High v = high C ; High latitude = high C –No Coriolis at equator, maximum at poles

30. Figure 6.16

31. Figure 6.17

32. Atmospheric Convection Cells

33. Figure 6.19

34. Global atmospheric generalities Hadley Cells (subtropical) are quite stable Pressure systems: –Equator: LOW (Doldrums or ITCZ- Inter Tropical Convergence Zone) –30 ’s : HIGH (Horse Latitudes) –60 ’s : LOW

35. Figure 6.21

36. Horse latitudes Doldrums

37. Global atmospheric generalities Hadley Cell is quite stable Pressure systems: –Equator: LOW (Doldrums or ITCZ- Inter Tropical Convergence Zone) –30 ’s : HIGH (Horse Latitudes) –60 ’s : LOW In between Pressure systems: –WIND!! Trade Winds Westerlies: (Roaring Forties, Screaming Fifties)

38. Figure 6.19

44. Seasonal Wind Variation

46. Monsoons (Indian Ocean)

47. Precipitation / Evaporation

48. Surface Ocean Salinities

49. Land – Ocean Temperatures

50. Local Winds: Sea Breeze

51. Local Winds: Coastal Fog

52. Local Winds: Mountain or Island Effect