1. The Greenhouse Effect  Process by which the atmosphere traps infrared rays over the earth’s surface.

3. The Ozone Layer  A layer of ozone (O 3 ) in the stratosphere that blocks out the sun’s deadly ultraviolet rays acting as our planet’s natural sunblock.

4. Global Warming  Refers to an average increase in the Earth's temperature, which in turn causes changes in climate. A warmer Earth may lead to: –Changes in rainfall patterns. –A rise in sea level.A rise in sea level –A wide range of impacts on plants, wildlife, and humans.

5. Atmospheric Pressure  The force of air pressing down on the earth’s surface.  Presses down on every surface from all directions with a force of 15 lb/in 2. –An instrument that measures atmospheric pressure is called a barometer.

6. Barometers  Mercurial Barometer – expressed by how high the mercury rises in the tube.  Aneroid Barometer – meaning without liquid.  Standard Atmospheric Pressure: –760 mm –29.92 in of Hg –1 atmosphere –1000 millibars (mb)

7. Low Pressure  Large parcels or pockets of uncompressed air.  Low kinetic energy  Low density = air molecules not packed together.  Rising air that circulates in a counterclockwise direction.

8. High Pressure  Large parcels or pockets of compressed air.  High kinetic energy  High density = air molecules packed together.  Falling air that circulates in a clockwise direction.

9. Low Pressure  Large parcels or pockets of uncompressed air  Warmer air  Air is “spread out” so fewer air particles push on any given area with less pressure  Low density = air molecules spread out  Rising air that circulates in a counterclockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere  Called Cyclones

10. High Pressure  Large parcels or pockets of compressed air  Colder air  More air particles pressing on a given surface area  High density = air molecules packed together  Falling air that circulates in a clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere  Called Anticyclones H

11. Wind  What causes the wind? –Differences in air pressure: High  Low  Two main wind patterns –Global –local  Does the wind move straight up and down? –Coriolis Effect High Pressure Low Pressure Convection

12. The Coriolis Effect Coriolis Cannonball Coriolis Cannonball

13. Coriolis Effect  Circulation of air is affected by the earth’s rotation –Coriolis Effect – deflection of a fluid because of Earth’s rotation  Deflects air in the Northern Hemisphere to the right  Deflects air in the Southern Hemisphere to the left Air moves from high to low pressure

14. Global Winds  Trade Winds  Westerlies  Polar Easterlies Each hemisphere has three main wind belts or prevailing winds (areas of similar wind patterns) Each hemisphere has three main wind belts or prevailing winds (areas of similar wind patterns)

15. Doldrums and Horse Latitudes  Areas of weak and slow moving air Air moves from high to low pressure

16. Jet Stream  Narrow bands of high speed winds that blow in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere are jet streas.

17. Breezes  Land Breeze –When wind moves from high pressure (over land) to low pressure (over water). –Usually occurs at night.  Sea/Lake Breeze –When wind moves from high pressure (over water) to low pressure (over land). –Usually occurs during the day.

18. Local Winds