1. US Army Corps of Engineers BUILDING STRONG ® Optimizing Infra-Red Sensor Performance for Multiple Unmanned Aircraft WIDA Conference Reno, NV 13 - 15 March 2012 Susan Frankenstein, ERDC-CRREL Daniel Stouch, Charles River Analytics Inc. Kirk McGraw, ERDC-CERL

2. BUILDING STRONG ® Impetus FASST IRSP AMN SPARTEN 1.Impetus Why I do Land Surface Modeling 2.Land Surface Model FASST: Fast All-season Soil STrength 3.InfraRed Sensor Performance IRSP 4.Airspace Model Air Maneuver Nets 5.Unmanned Aircraft System Routing SPARTEN: Spatially Produced Airspace Routes from Tactically Evolved Networks Outline 2/18

3. BUILDING STRONG ® Our goal is to truly integrate the dynamic effects of terrain and weather into Mission Command decisions. 1600 L 2200 L 1500 L 1800 L Impetus 3/18 Impetus FASST IRSP AMN SPARTEN

4. BUILDING STRONG ® 1.Impetus Why I do Land Surface Modeling 2.Land Surface Model FASST: Fast All-season Soil STrength 3.InfraRed Sensor Performance IRSP 4.Airspace Model Air Maneuver Nets 5.Unmanned Aircraft System Routing SPARTEN: Spatially Produced Airspace Routes from Tactically Evolved Networks Outline 4/18 Impetus FASST IRSP AMN SPARTEN

5. BUILDING STRONG ® Impetus FASST IRSP AMN SPARTEN Snow/Ice Melt Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer N Infiltration Suction Run-off Evap/ Cond Run-off Root uptake Ponding Gravity Flow Convection Solar Precipitation Infrared, IR Emitted IR Conduction Latent Heat Sensible Heat Change of State Deep Earth High (canopy) vegetation model Low vegetation model FASST Water & Energy Balance 5/18

6. BUILDING STRONG ® Impetus FASST IRSP AMN SPARTEN Inputs –Meteorological Data (Dynamic) Forecasted Weather, Observations –Soil Data (Static) Number of Layers, Layer Thickness & Type, Material Properties Initial Moisture & Temperature Profile; Snow Depth/Density –Vegetation Data (Static) Type – High and Low; Density, Height –Site Specifics (Static) Latitude, Longitude, Elevation, Slope, Aspect, Ground water level Time offset from GMT Outputs –Soil Temperature; Moisture, Ice and Vapor Content –Freeze/Thaw Depths; Surface State (Frozen/Thawed) –Snow Depth; Snow Density; Surface Ice Thickness –Vegetation Temperatures –Surface Energy Fluxes –Soil Strength (0-6”, 6-12” RCI, CBR); Slippery Factor (W/D/S/I) FASST Inputs/Outputs 6/18

7. Impetus FASST IRSP AMN SPARTEN 7/18

8. BUILDING STRONG ® 1.Impetus Why I do Land Surface Modeling 2.Land Surface Model FASST: Fast All-season Soil STrength 3.InfraRed Sensor Performance IRSP 4.Airspace Model Air Maneuver Nets 5.Unmanned Aircraft System Routing SPARTEN: Spatially Produced Airspace Routes from Tactically Evolved Networks Outline 8/18 Impetus FASST IRSP AMN SPARTEN

9. BUILDING STRONG ® Infrared Sensor Performance (IRSP) Region Specific Probability of detection 9/18  Statistically accurate  Does not require detailed knowledge of the target location and/or orientation  Produces an output product for an entire region  Applicable to terrain with a large variety of elevation and surface types Impetus FASST IRSP AMN SPARTEN

10. BUILDING STRONG ® 1.Impetus Why I do Land Surface Modeling 2.Land Surface Model FASST: Fast All-season Soil STrength 3.InfraRed Sensor Performance IRSP 4.Airspace Model Air Maneuver Nets 5.Unmanned Aircraft System Routing SPARTEN: Spatially Produced Airspace Routes from Tactically Evolved Networks Outline 10/18 Impetus FASST IRSP AMN SPARTEN

11. BUILDING STRONG ® Impetus FASST IRSP AMN SPARTEN Infrared Sensor Performance tied to Airspace Model The Air Maneuver Network (AMN) contains spatial, temporal and scenario cases sufficient to find IR sensor performance impacts along an entire UAS flight path. 11/18 Step 3 Repeat for each time step Pd values calculated for each terrain element in view-shed 1.0 0.0 IR Probability of Detection Time 1500L 1800L 2100L 50 km 35 km Step 1 Create scenario dependent sensor performance maps Step 2 Find Probability of Detection for each edge (bi-directional)

12. BUILDING STRONG ® Impetus FASST IRSP AMN SPARTEN Air Maneuver Network - IRSP Time Series 12112007 2000 12112007 210012112007 220012112007 230012122007 000012122007 010012122007 020012122007 030012122007 040012122007 050012122007 060012122007 070012122007 080012122007 090012122007 100012122007 1100 PYTHON 12/18

13. BUILDING STRONG ® 1.Impetus Why I do Land Surface Modeling 2.Land Surface Model FASST: Fast All-season Soil STrength 3.InfraRed Sensor Performance IRSP 4.Airspace Model Air Maneuver Nets 5.Unmanned Aircraft System Routing SPARTEN: Spatially Produced Airspace Routes from Tactically Evolved Networks Outline 13/18 Impetus FASST IRSP AMN SPARTEN

14. BUILDING STRONG ® Impetus FASST IRSP AMN SPARTEN SPARTEN’s Goal 14/18 Produce flyable UAS routes that satisfy specific constraints to optimize ISR performance of multiple aircraft Raven Shadow Gray Eagle

15. BUILDING STRONG ® Impetus FASST IRSP AMN SPARTEN Technical Architecture 15/18

16. BUILDING STRONG ® Impetus FASST IRSP AMN SPARTEN Cost Factor Maps 16/18 Restricted Operating Zones Weather Effects (T-IWEDA) NAI Emphasis Transmitter Range AMN Military Value Path Linearity Convoy Support Sensor Performance

17. BUILDING STRONG ® Impetus FASST IRSP AMN SPARTEN Air Maneuver Network 17/18 ► Background

18. BUILDING STRONG ® Impetus FASST IRSP AMN SPARTEN Candidate Solution 18/18

19. BUILDING STRONG ® Questions?