1. chapter McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. CHAPTER OUTLINE The Meaning of Culture Cultural Variation Current Controversies 2 CULTURAL DIVERSITY

2. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Culture and Society █Culture is the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior. █Culture includes the ideas, values, customs, and artifacts of groups of people. █Material vs Non-Material Culture

3. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Meaning of Culture █Material culture: refers to the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives –food, houses, factories, raw materials, tools █Non-Material culture: refers to the ways of using material objects as well as to… –Customs, beliefs, government, patterns of communication, philosophies, laws

4. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4

5. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Components of Culture █Technology █Symbols █Language █Values █Norms

6. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Components of Culture █Technology: involves the objects AND the acceptable usage.

7. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Components of Culture █Symbols: anything that represents something else.

8. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Components of Culture █Language –Language: the organization of written or spoken symbols into a standardized system. –It includes speech, written characters, numerals, symbols, and gestures and expressions of nonverbal communication. –Language is learned (critical period)

9. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Components of Culture █Language – (gestures)

10. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Components of Culture █Values –Values: our collective conceptions of what is good, desirable, and proper–or bad, undesirable, and improper–in a culture. Values influence people’s behavior. Values are criteria for evaluating actions of others.

11. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Components of Culture █Norms –Norms: established standards of behavior maintained by a society. –Types of Norms Folkways Mores Formal Informal

12. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Sec. 2: Cultural Variations Continued... █Cultural Universals: –Common practices and beliefs that are seen in all societies around the globe. –Cultural universals change over time and from one society to another.

13. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Cultural Variations █Cultural Universals, some examples… –George Murdoch (1945) Athletic Sports Cooking Funeral Ceremonies Medicine Dancing among others...

14. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Cultural Variations █Role of “isolation” Europe vs Africa

15. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Other examples: (macro & micro) █Early explorers vs Native populations █Shy people vs outgoing people █Poor family vs Wealthier family █Early Japan vs Early China █History of Irish Americans █US “Achievement Gap”

16. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Cultural Variation █Attitudes Toward Cultural Variation –Ethnocentrism refers to the assumption that one’s own culture represents the norm or is superior to all others. –Cultural relativism views people’s behaviors from the perspective of their own culture. –Xenocentrism opposite of ethnocentrism; it is the belief that the products, styles, or ideas of another society are better than those from your own society.

17. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Cultural Variation █Aspects of Cultural Variation –Subculture: is a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the larger society. –A subculture is a culture existing within a larger, dominant culture.

18. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Cultural Variations

19. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Cultural Variations

20. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Cultural Variation █Aspects of Cultural Variation –Counterculture: created when a subculture conspicuously (obviously) and deliberately opposes many or all aspects of the larger culture.

21. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Cultural Variation

22. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Current Controversies █What is the responsibility of a subculture to conform to the “dominant culture?” █Are all cultural norms valid? █Should we tolerate intolerance? █Bilingual Education █Illegal immigration