1. Silvics Analytic Timing of Site Preparation and Post-Plant Weed Control to Optimize Pine Growth Integration of research results from three region-wide studies D.K. Lauer

2. Silvics Analytic South US Timber Types Percent of 201 Million Acres From: Wear and Greis 2002. Southern Forest Resource Assessment

3. Silvics Analytic Associated Vegetation Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) range Southeast U.S. 490 species estimated across just 13 pine plantation study sites (Miller et al. 2003) 68 species of trees 33 species/genera of shrubs 140 genera of herbaceous and others

4. Silvics Analytic 2 Major Findings Vegetation Control Strategy

5. Silvics Analytic Early benefits of herb control can be negated by woody vegetation! (from Miller et al. 2003 SJAF) Herb Control Herb + Woody Control

6. Silvics Analytic Can double production by eliminating competing vegetation! (from Miller et al. 2003 SJAF) GOAL

7. Silvics Analytic Operational Strategy Chemical site prep Control arborescent woody Control woody shrubs Provide initial herbaceous control Post-plant Herbaceous weed control Extend herbaceous control

8. Silvics Analytic 2001 and 2002 BASF Study Locations 4 Chopper Timing with Bedding 5 LCP HWC after Chopper Site Prep 3 UCP HWC after Chopper Site Prep

9. Silvics Analytic Chopper Timing Historical Use Guidelines Chopper + triclopyr targeted for later season: Perception of enhanced performance Perception of improved residual control Timing relative to bedding Apply at least 4 weeks before Wait for good re-growth after bedding

10. Silvics Analytic Chopper Timing - Results New Guidelines Relate to When bedding is done When applications are made Application timing Season of application

11. Silvics Analytic Study Series 2001-1 Chopper Timing with Bedding 4 Locations 48 oz Chopper + 1 or 2 pints Garlon 4 + 5 qt MSO No post-plant HWC

12. Silvics Analytic Chopper Timing with Bedding Series Mid-season or late-season bedding Applications before and after bedding After Bed Before Bed

13. Silvics Analytic Acknowledgements Study sites and operational bedding provided by: Boise Cascade Foley Timber and Land Company Plum Creek Timber Company Rayonier

14. Silvics Analytic Locations –Oakdale, LA (Caddo-P to MW Silt-loam) –Whiteville, NC (Torhunta-VP to P Sandy-loam) –Yulee, FL (Goldhead-P sand w/clay loam subsoil) –Tennille, FL (Leon-P fine sand) Common Species –Maples, sweetgum, bays, waxmyrtle, herbs –Gallberry, redroot, grasses –Blackberry Study Sites

15. Silvics Analytic Mid-Season Bedding

16. Silvics Analytic Mid-season Bed - Application Timeline Feb 24May 23 July 25 Nov 6

17. Silvics Analytic Chopper Application Timing Mid-season bedding --- Before Bed --- ------- After Bed -------

18. Silvics Analytic Yulee Location August 22, 2001- Untreated Plots 11 weeks after June 7 bed13 weeks before Nov 19 bed

19. Silvics Analytic Yulee, FL November 6, 2001 App 1 day before June 7 bedApp just hours after June 7 bed

20. Silvics Analytic Tennille, FL February 24 Application February 24, 2001August 21 – 13 weeks after bed

21. Silvics Analytic Tennille, FL August 21, 2001 App 2 days before May 23 bed Untreated Check – May 23 bed

22. Silvics Analytic Whiteville, NC June 12 bedding April 17 app June 12 bedding

23. Silvics Analytic Oakdale, LA June 24, 2001 June 12 application

24. Silvics Analytic Late-Season Bedding

25. Silvics Analytic Late-season Bed - Application Timeline Feb 24May 21 Sept 27 Nov 19

26. Silvics Analytic Yulee, FL - Nov 6, 2001 (Nov 19 bedding) April 19 application June 6 application Sept 18 applicationNov 6 (frost) application

27. Silvics Analytic Chopper Application Timing Late-season bedding --------------- Before Bed ---------------

28. Silvics Analytic Pine Response Mid-Season Bedding

29. Silvics Analytic Pine Volume Index (year 2) Mid-Season Bed – Sandy Soils ------ Bedding ------ 44% increase

30. Silvics Analytic Pine Volume Index (year 2) Fine Textured Soils – Mid Season Bed ------ Bedding ------ ---- After Bedding----

31. Silvics Analytic Pine Response Late-Season Bedding

32. Silvics Analytic Pine Volume Index (year 2) Late-Season Bed - Sandy Soils ------ Bedding ------ 46% Increase

33. Silvics Analytic Pine Volume Index (year 2) Fine Textured Soils – Late Season Bed ---- Bedding ---- ------- Before Bed ------ 25% increase

34. Silvics Analytic Optimal Chopper Timing Mid-Season Bed June through September at least 3 weeks after bedding February up to the day before bedding Wait for target species to leaf out.

35. Silvics Analytic Optimal Chopper Timing Late-Season Bed February through July Wait for target species to leaf out

36. Silvics Analytic Herbaceous Weed Control Timing After Chopper Site Prep

37. Silvics Analytic HWC after Chopper Site Prep LCP Studies Chopper ™ Site Prep Rate 32, 48, 64 oz per acre Site Prep Date July-August October-November

38. Silvics Analytic HWC after Chopper Site Prep LCP Herbaceous weed control with Arsenal ™ AC (4 oz)+ sulfometuron (2oz) 1)None 2)1 st March 3)1 st June 4)2 nd March 5)1 st March + 2 nd March 6)1 st June + 2 nd March

39. Silvics Analytic Post-plant herbaceous control following Chopper Site prep Two timings and three rates of Chopper Site Prep Different timings of post-plant herbaceous weed control

40. Silvics Analytic Pine response to HWC after Chopper Site Prep Basic Findings 1 st year HWC more important than 2 nd year HWC 1 st year HWC important when there is > 20% cover in June 1 st year HWC is not important when there is less than 10% cover in June

41. Silvics Analytic Pine response to HWC after Chopper Site Prep Basic Findings (continued) First Year - March applications were better or similar to June applications 2 nd year HWC increases pine response if weeds are present and controlled

42. Silvics Analytic Pines Responded to Vegetation Control High Fertility and Tillage were not Substitutes

43. Silvics Analytic SI 25 75 ft (23m) Year 3 Loblolly Pine Volume Index Increasing Level of Vegetation Control

44. Silvics Analytic Quality Matters Chopper was a good base for post- plant treatments

45. Silvics Analytic June cover = 4% Green Swamp, NC Pine After Three Years

46. Silvics Analytic Green Swamp, NC Impact of Year 2 March HWC

47. Silvics Analytic August 2 2002

48. Silvics Analytic End of 3 rd growing season

49. Silvics Analytic June cover = 27% Oakdale, LA Pine After Three Years

50. Silvics Analytic Oakdale, LA Impact of Year 1 March HWC

51. Silvics Analytic LCP Results Cover > 20% in June of first year Apply HWC in first year anytime through June early for best pine response Add a second year treatment Cover < 10% in June of first year Apply HWC early in second year

52. Silvics Analytic

54. HWC combined with Chopper Site Prep - UCP

55. Silvics Analytic Chopper Site Prep Treatments UCP Chopper Timings July, October 2002 Chopper Rates 32, 48, and 64 oz/ac

56. Silvics Analytic HWC Timing UCP 4 oz Arsenal + 2 oz Sulfometuron –None 2003 –None 2003 + March 2004 –March 2003 –March 2003 + March 2004 –June 2003 –June 2003 + March 2004

57. Silvics Analytic Herbaceous Weed Control Timing First Year March >= First Year June AlabamaArkansas Louisiana

58. Silvics Analytic Herbaceous Weed Control Timing First Year June >= Second Year March

59. Silvics Analytic Herbaceous Weed Control Timing Treat 2X with High Competition Levels + 34% AlabamaArkansasLouisiana

60. Silvics Analytic Barnett Crossroads, AL Chopper as a good base for HWC 1st March or 1 st March+2nd March 2 nd March No HWC 1st June or 1 st June+2nd March

61. Silvics Analytic Barnett Crossroads vs. Atmore COMP Total Height - Year 2

62. Silvics Analytic Barnett Crossroads vs. Atmore COMP GLD - Year 2

63. Silvics Analytic Chopper Site Prep Improves Quality of 1 st March Arsenal + Sulfometuron Year 2 Pines 0 oz Chopper Site Prep48 oz Chopper Site Prep

64. Silvics Analytic Conclusions The historical limitations on Chopper site prep with bedding were too restrictive Chopper applications should be done earlier in the year than previously thought

65. Silvics Analytic Conclusions Chopper site prep combined with the proper HWC treatment regime is a viable operational strategy to achieve yields observed in research studies