1. www.infotech.monash.edu TCP/IP Administration IP addresses & Names DNS, BOOTP, DHCP, IP Routing, Routing protocols

2. www.infotech.monash.edu 2 Addressing Issues Name to IP address conversion /etc/hosts file –used first If unsatisfied, need to find a nameserver –use /etc/resolv.conf to search find resolver >[may be running a local nameserver (named) so this may not be necessary]

3. www.infotech.monash.edu 3 Domain Name Service (DNS) Server listens on UDP port 53 Provides distributed database of names and associated IP addresses Consists of local network-based servers that connect to authoritative servers if they cannot resolve name Local servers cache responses for future use

4. www.infotech.monash.edu 4 Domain Hierarchy Top-level domain (.) has root servers these have only information about top-level domains –au,.., za, edu, org, com, etc Top-level servers have information about their particular domain eg… “org.au” server has all registered names listed

5. www.infotech.monash.edu 5 Name Server software DNS on UNIX systems use Berkeley Internet Name Daemon (BIND) http://www.isc.org/sw/bind/ Consists of two parts: –resolver implements a policy that requests the lookup of a name –nameserver responds to the request

6. www.infotech.monash.edu 6 Name Server software - Types BIND usually runs as the process “named” on systems that provide name service Categories of name server: Primary –loads information from disk –has complete information about the domain –always accurate –Authoritative - only one server per domain

7. www.infotech.monash.edu 7 Name Server software - Types Secondary –periodically transfers from primary server - authoritative for their own domain Caching-only –get answers for all name service queries from other name servers –non-authoritative use second-hand and incomplete DNS data

8. www.infotech.monash.edu 8 New Domain Names must be registered ensure appropriate allocation –Identify organisations and responsible persons (not always done!) create pointers to –authoritative server create DNS entries [primary and secondary]

9. www.infotech.monash.edu 9 Why register domain? New network setup A new organisation will need a domain registered for their network if they intend to connect to the Internet. Web-hosting Web servers differentiate between hosted sites using different domain names –eg, www.netcomp.monash.edu.au is neptune.netcomp.monash.edu.au

10. www.infotech.monash.edu 10 named Configuration Several files used by the nameserver daemon: named.boot sets general parameters and points to domain database information (local files or remote servers) named.ca points to the root domain servers named.hosts maps host names to IP addresses

11. www.infotech.monash.edu 11 named Configuration… named.rev reverse domain maps IP addresses to host names named.local used for loopback address resolution http://www.netadmintools.com/art25.html http://www.isc.org/sw/bind/arm94/Bv9ARM.ch03.html

12. www.infotech.monash.edu 12 named.boot ; ; Description: The named.boot file is required to boot a BIND name server. ; ; Syntax: directory ; ;[comment] ; primary ; secondary [...] ; cache ; slave ; forwarders [...] ; ; location where domain data files are stored ; ;[comment] text following the ';' character is ignored ; domain For a secondary or primary line, the name of the BIND ; domain for which the server is a secondary or primary ; server. For a cache line, the name of the domain for ; which the file,, is a cache. ; host For a secondary line, the IP address of a primary or ; secondary server distributing the database for domain, ;. For a forwarders line, the IP address of a host ; to which queries should be forwarded.

13. www.infotech.monash.edu 13 Named.boot continued… ; fileFor a secondary line, the name of the file in which the ;data of domain,, received from one of the hosts ;specified can be dumped. For a primary line, the file from ;which to read the master copy of the domain data. For a ;cache line, the name of the file in which the cache is ;stored. ; Directory/etc/namedb ; ;secondarynewcontent.net.au 203.24.105.16 db.newcontent ;secondarymaplecorp.com.au 203.24.105.16 db.maplecorp ;secondaryavram.com.au 24.192.21.121 avram.com.au.sec ; Primary0.0.127.in-addr.arpa named.local Primaryavram.com.au avram.com.au ; ; load the cache data last Cache.named.ca

14. www.infotech.monash.edu 14 named.ca ; BIND data file for initial cache data for root domain servers. ;. 99999999 IN NS ns.nic.ddn.mil.. 99999999 IN NS aos.arl.army.mil.. 99999999 IN NS c.psi.net.. 99999999 IN NS terp.umd.edu.. 99999999 IN NS ns.nasa.gov.. 99999999 IN NS nic.nordu.net.. 99999999 IN NS ns1.isi.edu.. 99999999 IN NS ns.isc.org.. 99999999 IN NS ns.internic.net. ns.nic.ddn.mil. 99999999 IN A 192.112.36.4 ; BIND aos.arl.army.mil. 99999999 IN A 128.63.4.82 ; BIND 99999999 IN A 192.5.25.82 c.psi.net. 99999999 IN A 192.33.4.12 ; BIND terp.umd.edu. 99999999 IN A 128.8.10.90 ; BIND ns.nasa.gov. 99999999 IN A 128.102.16.10 ; BIND 99999999 IN A 192.52.195.10 nic.nordu.net. 99999999 IN A 192.36.148.17 ; BIND ns1.isi.edu. 99999999 IN A 128.9.0.107 ; BIND ns.isc.org. 99999999 IN A 192.5.5.241 ; BIND ns.internic.net. 99999999 IN A 198.41.0.4 ; BIND

15. www.infotech.monash.edu 15 named.local ; ; BIND data file for local loopback interface. ; @ IN SOA broncho.ct.monash.edu.au. postmaster.broncho.ct.monash.edu.au. ( 1 ; Serial 3600 ; Refresh 300 ; Retry 3600000 ; Expire 3600 ) ; Minimum IN NS broncho.ct.monash.edu.au. 1 IN PTR localhost. b

16. www.infotech.monash.edu 16 Subnet masks Sub network masks provide an alternative to class-based IP addressing An administrator will have the responsibility for setting subnet masks for routers and workstations May be used to identify IP addresses that are local to a subnetwork 255.255.255.0 is the usual value (same as Class C addressing) http://antionline.com/archive/index.php/t-125580.html

17. www.infotech.monash.edu 17 BOOTP Used to allocate an IP address to a particular computer BOOTP host resides on the local network. Network node needing address allocation requests by broadcasting a bootp packet receives a response with address and other associated information [eg, nameserver address, gateway address]

18. www.infotech.monash.edu 18 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Also used to allocate IP address Network node needing address allocation requests using DHCP broadcast Receives a response with address and other associated information [eg, nameserver, gateway, time server, etc] from DHCP servers Has provision for reuse of addresses from a pool of dynamic (ie reusable) IP addresses

19. www.infotech.monash.edu 19 Windows Internet Name Server WINS Microsoft technique for locating other windows machines A WINS server receives nameservice requests from windows workstations WINS resolution is necessary in larger IP networks. As well as IP, also resolve NetBIOS addresses May be carried out using DCHP or DNS.

20. www.infotech.monash.edu 20 Routers Packets must be forwarded between networks Routers can link dissimilar LANs –ie LANs using dissimilar physical/datalink transport Routing decisions are made at network layer based on IP address whereas bridging (switching) forwards packets based on datalink address (eg ethernet)

21. www.infotech.monash.edu 21 Routers connecting between remote sites

22. www.infotech.monash.edu 22 Network Routing To ensure the appropriate routing of the traffic, routers implement either proprietary routing methods (eg netBIOS) or one of the standard routing protocols (eg Internet Protocol). IP-routing is the common form used in TCP/IP networks and is based upon a table look-up. Routing is done by a device which could either be a computer or a dedicated hardware unit providing the interface between sub- networks of a larger internetwork. Required Reading: http://www.networkcomputing.com/netdesign/1122ipr.html (please follow the links therein under table of contents to all six parts of this primer on IP routing).

23. www.infotech.monash.edu 23 IP Routing Eg the following network, has 3 subnetworks which would be identified in the networks file as: IP addressName 223.1.2development 223.1.3accounting 223.1.4factory

24. www.infotech.monash.edu 24 IP Routing… IP addressName 223.1.1.1alpha 223.1.2.2epsilon 223.1.3.2iota 223.1.1.1devnetrouter, delta 223.1.2.1accnetrouter 223.1.3.1facnetrouter all machines have /etc/hosts file with the entries shown below

25. www.infotech.monash.edu 25 Each machine maintains a route table Target Network Network Name Local?Router IPInterface 223.1.1DevelopmentDirect -1 223.1.2AccountingIndirect223.1.1.1 1 223.1.3FactoryIndirect223.1.1.1 1 For machine ALPHA Target Network Network Name Local?Router IPInterface 223.1.1DevelopmentDirect -1 223.1.2AccountingDirect -2 223.1.3FactoryDirect -3 For machine DELTA

26. www.infotech.monash.edu 26 IP addressName 223.1.1.2alpha 223.1.2.2epsilon 223.1.3.2iota 223.1.1.1devnetrouter delta 223.1.2.1accnetrouter 223.1.3.1facnetrouter Route table (cont’d)

27. www.infotech.monash.edu 27 Route table (cont’d) It is essential that each router operates using the same routing table, but how can multiple copies of a common table be kept up to date? This requires a separate exchange of messages between neighbouring routers so that each can advise others when something changes… These are called “Routing Protocols”

28. www.infotech.monash.edu 28 Routing protocols Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Regularly broadcasts entire routing table to all neighbours Best route is then chosen based on network path that has minimum number of hops Inter-Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) Chooses network path based on: –measured round-trip delay for transfer of data, or –smallest bandwidth, or –channel capacity or –the reliability of the path Required Reading http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/igrp.htm

29. www.infotech.monash.edu 29 Link State Routing Protocols Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing information flooded IS-IS INTERMEDIATE SYSTEM - INTERMEDIATE SYSTEM For large collections of independent networks Allows internal routing method to be hidden from internet Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Netware Link Services Protocol (NLSP) Required Reading: http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=26850&rl=1

30. www.infotech.monash.edu End…