1. Life Depends on Chemistry!

2. The Big Bang Theory

3. Accepted scientific theory to explain what happened at the very beginning of our universe Accepted scientific theory to explain what happened at the very beginning of our universe Occurred approximately 13.7 BYA Occurred approximately 13.7 BYA In the instant after the big bang, the universe expanded with incomprehensible speed from its pebble-size origin to an astronomical scope In the instant after the big bang, the universe expanded with incomprehensible speed from its pebble-size origin to an astronomical scope As matter cooled, more diverse kinds of atoms begin to form and eventually condense into the stars and galaxies of our present universe As matter cooled, more diverse kinds of atoms begin to form and eventually condense into the stars and galaxies of our present universe

4. So, just how big is a billion? How long would it take you to count to a billion? If it took you 3 seconds to say every number it would take you approximately 98 years! How long would it take you to earn a billion dollars? (excluding if you are Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerburg, or Oprah of course!) If you earned: $100/day for 5/wk = $25,000/yr = approx 40,000 years! $1000/day for 5/wk = $250,000/yr = approx 4,000 years! What about a billion pieces of paper? At about 0.1 mm thick, it would stretch approx 62 miles

5. Atoms All matter is composed of atoms. 100 million atoms would make a row about 1 cm long, about the width of your pinkie! Composed of 3 subatomic particles: Protons (+) charged Electrons (-) charged Neutrons (no charge) Nucleus: center of atom made of protons and neutrons

6. Electrons Have a negative (-) charge Are in constant motion around the nucleus Electrons orbit in energy (E) levels 1 st level holds 2 e-s 2 nd and 3 rd hold 8 e-s # of e-s in the HIGHEST E level determines the chemical properties of an atom

7. Elements and Compounds Element: a substance made up of one kind of atom Ex: Hydrogen, Carbon, Fluorine Compound: substance formed by 2 or more elements Ex: H 2 O (water), CO 2 (carbon dioxide), C 6 H 12 O 6 (sugar)

8. Isotopes Atoms of the same element that differ in their # of NEUTRONS Elements ALWAYS have the same number of protons and electrons -> same chemical properties

9. Atomic Number Atomic Number –The # of + found in the nucleus –The # of + = the # of - –Periodic Table is arranged by this number Symbol Symbol –“Shorthand” for the element – Note 2 nd letter is always lowercase Atomic Mass Number Atomic Mass Number –Total AVERAGE mass of Protons + Neutrons 17 Cl 35.5

10. Electron Configuration Let’s practice! Hydrogen (atomic # = 1)

11. Electron Configuration Helium (atomic # = 2)

12. Electron Configuration Oxygen (atomic # = 8)

13. Oxidation Reactions and Oxidation Numbers An oxidation-reduction reaction is any chemical rxn where the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or losing an electron Oxidation # indicates the charge on the atom (or ion) when electrons are lost, gained, or shared in chemical bonds Oxidation is Lost Reduction is Gain

14. Deciphering the Periodic Table

16. Oxidation Numbers On the periodic table: Strong electron donors are on the LEFT side (+ )O.N. indicate element will lose/donate an e- Strong electron acceptors are on the RIGHT side (-) O.N. indicate that the element will gain/accept an e- The further apart two elements are on the periodic table, the more likely they are to form an ionic compound

17. Electron Configuration What would be the electron configuration for Sodium (Na)? Atomic # = 11 What would be the electron configuration for Chlorine (Cl)? Atomic # = 17 How would you change your drawing of Na to give it a charge of positive 1? (Na + ion) How would you change your drawing of Cl to give it a charge of negative 1? (Cl - ion)

18. Oxidation Numbers A sodium atom always ionizes to become Na + (a charge of +1) when it combines with other atoms to make a compound. Sodium has an oxidation number of 1 +. What is chlorine’s oxidation number?

19. Why does this matter?! Bonding! Remember our earlier definition of a compound (substance formed by 2 or more elements) Re-Dox reactions explain the sharing and transferring of electrons in chemical reactions Crash Course Crash Course

20. Bonds Bonds are formed using valence electrons Valence electrons: e- in the outer shell of an atom In bonds, the valence e- are shared or transferred btn atoms

21. Covalent Bonds The sharing of electrons between atoms Occurs between two atoms of the same element or of elements close to each other in the periodic table In this example, a phosphorous atom is sharing its 3 unpaired electrons with 3 chlorine atoms. In the end, all 4 of these molecules have 8 valence electrons, satisfying the octet rule

22. Ionic Bonds The complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms Generates two oppositely charged ions In this example, the sodium atom is donating its 1 valence electron to the chlorine atom. Notice, the net charge of the resulting compound is 0.

23. Polar Covalent Example: H2O (a polar MOLECULE) Polar indicates that there is an uneven charge O is an e- TAKER, it needs 2 more to fill its outer shell H is an e- GIVER Unlike Na, it doesn’t just release its e- quite so easily b/c it only has ONE electron The electrons being shared by the atoms spend a greater amount of time, closer to the Oxygen nucleus than the Hydrogen nucleus. This results is an unequal electron association where one part of the molecule (O) has a – charge and the (H) has a + charge

24. Hydrogen Bonds When water molecules are close together, their + and – regions are attracted to the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules

25. Van der Waals Force Relatively weak, temporary, intermolecular force that holds molecules together Occur between molecules b/c negatively charged electrons move to create slightly different charges from one end of the molecule to the other

26. Geckos Read How Geckos Stick on der Waals In your notebook, copy and respond to the following questions: How are geckos able to stick to walls? Describe how scientists deduced which of the two proposed hypothesis were true. TED Ed: How do Geckos defy gravity? TED Ed: How do Geckos defy gravity?