1. A MERICANS S TRUGGLE WITH P OSTWAR I SSUES p. 412-418

2. Objectives Summarize the reaction in the United States to the perceived threat of communism Analyze the causes and effects of the quota system in the United States Describe some of the postwar conflicts between labor and management

3. P OSTWAR T RENDS Prejudice against foreign- born people Nativism A policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs Isolationism

4. F EAR OF C OMMUNISM The Red Scare Communism An economic government ruled by a dictatorship Karl Marx’s version of extreme socialism No private property Government owns all factors of production Communist Party in the United States 70,000 strong A number of bombs were mailed to government and business leaders Americans began to fear a Communist take over Lenin’s Bolsheviks established themselves in the post revolution Russia

5. F EAR OF C OMMUNISM The Palmer Raids A. Mitchell Palmer U.S. Attorney General J. Edgar Hoover Appointed by Palmer as special assistant Started to hunt down suspected Communists Socialists Anarchists People who opposed any form of government Civil Rights Trampled Homes & offices invaded Suspects jailed without legal council 100s of foreign-born radicals were deported Palmer’s Raids Fail No evidence of revolutionary conspiracy Many thought Palmer has aims at the White House and was using the raids as a jumping off point

6. F EAR OF C OMMUNISM Sacco and Vanzetti Anarchists Avoided the draft Bartolomeo Vanzetti Fish peddler Nicola Sacco Shoe maker May 1920 – arrested and charged with murder of a factory paymaster and guard in Massachusetts Witnesses said the criminals appeared to Italian Both proclaimed their innocence and had alibis Evidence was circumstantial - pointing indirectly toward someone's guilt but not conclusively proving it. Judge maid prejudicial remarks - harmful to someone or something Found guilty and sentenced to death

7. L IMITING I MMIGRATION “Keep America for Americans” New Immigran ts Southern and Eastern Europe Willing to work for low wages in tough jobs After WWI fewer unskilled workers were needed Immigrants were seen as taking these jobs from Americans Postwar labor disputes were often immigrant anarchists and socialist – secret communists

8. L IMITING I MMIGRATION The Klan Rises Again Ku Klux Klan Devoted to 100% Americanism 1924 – 4.5 million Keep African-American “in their place” Destroying saloons Breaking up unions Driving out Catholics Jews Foreign born people

9. L IMITING I MMIGRATION The Quota System 1919- 1921 Immigration had grown 600% 140,000-805,000 Emergency Quota Act of 1921 Quota System Established a maximum number of people who could enter the United States from each foreign country

10. L IMITING I MMIGRATION The Quota System (cont.) Each European country was limited to 2% of the number of its nationals living in the United States in 1890 Later was shifted to 1920 Law limited the total number of persons admitted to 150,000 The quota system did not effect the Western Hemisphere 500,000 Mexicans and Canadians came to America

11. A T IME OF L ABOR U NREST The Steel Mill Strike U.S. Steel Corporation Shorter working hours Union recognition Collective bargaining is a process of negotiations between employers and a group of employees aimed at reaching agreements to regulate working conditions. 300,000 workers walk off the job Strikebreakers are brought in Propaganda is used against union Exposing of harsh working conditions finally helps the steel companies to an eight-hour day The Boston Police Strike Had not had a raise since the start of the war Could not unionize Those reps who asked for a raise were fired Massachusetts governor Calvin Coolidge called out the Nation Guard Strike ends and new policemen are hired

12. A T IME OF L ABOR U NREST President Wilson appoints and arbitrator an independent person or body officially appointed to settle a dispute Coal miners receive 27% pay increaseLewis becomes a national hero The Coal Miners’ Strike United Mine Workers of America Organized since 1890 John L. Lewis Leader of United Mine Workers of America Organized a strike in 1919 to protest low wages and long hours Attorney General Palmer has court order send workers back Mines stayed closed another month

13. A T IME OF L ABOR U NREST Only 82,000 African-Americans were apart of a union in 1929 1% of the African-American population 3% of the white population were in unions A. Phillip Randolph Founded the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porter Helped gain fair wages for African- Americans Labor Movement Loses Appeal Sharp drop off in union membership 5 million - 3.5 million Several reasons why Immigrant work force Organization problems Individualism Exclusion of African-Americans

14. 1. Why did Americans move towards isolationism? 2. How did Americans react to the perceived threat of Communism? 3. Why did the United States limit immigration? 4 How did anti-immigration sentiment strengthen the Ku Klux Klan’s attack on minorities? 5. What was the quota system? 6. Why did conflict between labor and management increase after WWI? 7. Why did labor membership decline in the 1920s?