1. Plasminogen-Activating Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) High PAI-1 associated with: Obesity (especially visceral), possible fatty liver. 2,3,4 Inflammation and oxidative stress; PAI-1 synthesis is induced by increased inflammatory cytokines and CRP. 5,6 Increased risk of atherothrombosis, recurrent heart attack, and coronary artery disease. 7,8,9 Insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, metabolic syndrome, and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. 10,11,12

2. Plasminogen-Activating Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) Treatment Options to Reduce PAI-1

3. Inflammatory Cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) High IL-6, IL-8 &/or TNF-α associated with: Chronic, low-grade inflammation. Obesity (especially abdominal). Impaired insulin signaling, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance Increased risk of type 2 diabetes, independent of other diabetes risk markers. (In the case of high IL-8), increased risk of cardiac events in patients with coronary artery disease.

4. Inflammatory Cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) Treatment Options to reduce inflammatory cytokines: