1. HONEY By: Arieal Lombard Final Project Chemistry

2. What Is Honey? Honey is an organic, natural sugar alternative with no additives, easy on the stomach, adapts to all cooking, and has an indefinite shelf-life Honey is primarily composed of fructose, glucose and water. It also contains other sugars as well trace enzymes, minerals, vitamins and amino acids

3. History Its names comes from the English hunig, and it was the first and most widespread sweetener used by man In the Old Testament of the Bible, Israel was often referred to as “the land of milk and honey.” Honey was valued highly and often used as a form of currency, tribute, or offering. In the 11 th century A.D., German peasants paid their feudal lords in honey and beeswax

4. How Honey is Made Bees perform the vital service of pollinating fruits, vegetables and other types of food producing plants in the course of honey making The nectar mixture they gather from the flowers is carried back to the hive and placed into the honeycomb cells Honeybees carry the nectar and mix it with enzymes in a pouch located in their body (which begins the process of changing the nectar into honey The bees then evaporate much of the water out of the nectar mixture to thicken it

5. Fermentation of Honey Beekeepers gather the honey from the supers in the hive-A super is a section of the hive that contains several frames of honey in honeycombs The supers are taken to the honey house for extracting-A extractor is a machine that is made to spin the frames of honey until the honey spins out and drips down the sides of the extractor

6. Chemical Makeup Chemical Characteristics pH Honey contains a number of acids which include amino acids (0.05-0.1%) and organic acids (0.57%, range: 0.17-1.17%). The average pH of honey is 3.9 (with a typical range of 3.4 to 6.1). Proteins, Amino Acids & Isoelectric Point Protein 0.266% Nitrogen 0.043% Amino Acids 0.05 – 0.1% Isoelectric Point 4.3

7. Why is some honey light and some dark? The color and taste depends on the kinds of flower the nectar came from Clover makes a light colored, mild tasting honey that is usually found in grocery stores Another popular variety is Orange Blossom honey, it is usually darker that Clover

8. References www.queenbeejan.com www.homecooking.about.com www.honey.com