1. IASI CH 4 Operational Retrieval Feasibility - Optimal Estimation Method Study Overview + Summary Richard Siddans, Jane Hurley Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Consultants: Spectroscopy: Anu Dudhia, Peter Bernath GOSAT data: Hartmut Boesch Final Presentation, Eumetsat, 4 February 2015

2. Overview The overall objective of this study is to specify an optimal estimation (OE)-based retrieval algorithm for methane from IASI measurements Scheme should be sufficiently accurate to provide an independent verification of the IASI L2 PPF output (which is expected to be based on a faster statistical method). Through this study, a scheme which had been initially developed through the UK National Centre for Earth Observation, was extended, comprehensively documented, validated and delivered to Eumetsat. The scheme provides global height-resolved distributions of methane from Metop/IASI observations in the 8 micron range.

3. Study Tasks

4. RAL IASI CH 4 retrieval scheme Current scheme

5. Measurement vector 1232.25 - 1290 cm -1 (some gaps) –Based on Razavi et al assessment of trade-off between information Measurement errors combine diagnosed IASI noise and RTTOV errors

6. Averaging kernels (mid-lat; no surface/air temperature contrast)

7. GOSAT IASI column averaged mixing ratio GEOSCHEM Monthly averages of daytime data for July 2009 (GOSAT day-time) Column averaged vmr comparison

9. AK for column average as fn latitude

10. Modelling N 2 O Tropospheric N 2 O is even more well-mixed than CH 4, with much more consistent (easier to model) growth-rate of 0.75 ppb/yr (0.23% per year). –Variations are < 0.5% with latitude, seasonally etc So far we assumed N2O has a fixed tropospheric mixing ratio of 322 ppbv, and model the (significant) variation in the stratosphere using ECMWF PV: 1.ECMWF Vorticity convert to PV on potential temperature levels 2.Equivalent latitude derived 3.ACE-FTS N2O zonal, seasonal climatology interpolated in equivalent latitude / pot. Temp. 4.Resulting profiles interpolated back to original ECMWF grid New for study: N2O profile scaled by f = 1 + 0.0023*(year-2009) Existing retrievals corrected by applying this factor to CH4 Better to scale N 2 O used in retrieval Only TCCON co-locations re-run so far

11. Systematic residual patterns Early retrievals exhibit systematic residuals + scan dependent biases. These currently mitigated by –Scaling CH4 input to FM by 1.04 (like line-strength change) –Fitting scale factor for two residual patterns (mean nadir residual and across-track variation of residual)

12. Task 2: Update spectroscopic database … LBLRTM v12.2 instead of RFM, using AER v3.2 line parameter database rtweb.aer.com/lblrtm_frame.hmtl CH 4 and CO 2 line-mixing, and fixed HDO/H 2 O ratio Conclusion: changes in retrieved CH4 small compared to existing bias correction (need for bias correction not explained) Current FM: RTTOV using RFM-derived coefficients HITRAN 2008 Updated FM: RTTOV using LBLRTM-derived coefficients HITRAN 2012

13. Task 3: Applicability to Metop-A, -B, -C Only code changes relate to file handling (different input / output file names/paths to reflect platform) E.g. All the following assumed the same for Met-A vs B –Noise model –ISRF –Systematic residuals –PCs used to compress/filter L1 (if relevant) Main variables needed to cope with time evolution –Analyses (from T, water vapour prior) –Emissivity databases –N 2 O trend (CH 4 prior constraint & need not vary)

14. Performance of Retrieval on Metop-A vs. Metop-B Means for August 2013 Every second day 1 in 4 pixels

15. Retrieved RSF0 (Metop A) Only instrument related change detected due to Metop A processor upgrade on 16 May 2013, leading to ~8ppb change in xCH4

16. Task 4: Validation TCCON L2 Comparisons –TCCON, GOSAT MLO Case Study –Mauna Loa in-situ – monthly and interannual dependencies Pixel/Scan Dependence Metop-A/-B –Closest pixels –Inter-pixel and inter-scan angle dependence Cloud Contamination –RAL flag, AVHRR, IASI L2 Updates since PM2 –N 2 O trend included in retrieval –TCCON + MLO data processed based on L1-PCs

17. TCCON/GOSAT L2 Comparisons TCCON sites

18. N 2 O scaled in retrieval

20. Scatter: N 2 O scaled in retrieval

21. MLO Case Study Comparison to in situ measurements at Mauna Loa Observatory High correlation between total column average and MLO Bias explained by stratospheric contribution to column average; corrected in derived lower tropospheric sub column but this estimate is more noisy than total. MLO N2O time series agrees with assumed N2O

22. Updated GEOSCHEM comparisons for 4 years (new data from Univ. Edinburgh)

23. Pixel/Scan Dependence Metop-A/-B Metop-A vs. Metop-B – scan angle dependence CH4 concentrationsOther retrieved parameters Day/night, ocean/land separated

24. Cloud Contamination The effect of cloud contamination on the retrieved concentrations of CH 4 assessed using the cloud fraction/height retrieved within the RAL retrieval the cloud fractions from AVHRR/3 the cloud fraction/height from IASI L2 v6 products. Note that CH4 scheme does not run for “obvious” cloud No scenes processed where obs-sim(ECMWF) @ 12 microns < -5K Also quality control removes scenes where internal (RAL) cloud fraction > 0.1 Data from August 2013 averaged as a function of each cloud parameter…

25. Cloud Contamination Number of retrievals as fn of L2 fraction/height

26. Cloud Contamination Average CH4 as function of L2 fraction/height Weak dependence on residual cloud in almost all scenes.

27. Task 6: Use of L1 Principal Components

28. Comparison of Cost (MetB August 2013) Standard retrieval (Day) L1 PCs (Day) Difference PCs can be used without significantly degrading the CH4 retrieval. Should actually improve precision but this not seen in practise Cannot yet exploit reduction in measurement errors, as other FM error (surface related) is limiting fit

29. Within this study the RAL IASI CH4 retrieval scheme (original developed via the UK NCEO) has been demonstrated, documented, extended and delivered to Eumetsat By fitting IASI measured spectra to an RMS in brightness temperature of order 0.1K, the scheme delivers 2 pieces of information on the profiles and CH4 column average mixing ratios with a precision of 10-30 ppbv; Validation against TCCON and Mauna LOA indicates agreement performance in line with this precision estimate The scheme has been demonstrated to function equally well on Metop A and B data; The scheme can also function equally well with L1 PCs and full L1 spectra. Scheme jointly retrieves effective cloud parameters by exploiting the presence of N2O spectral features in the fit window; the N2O profile itself is accurately defined using a combination of ECMWF PV and TOMCAT model climatology. –The study has confirmed this approach to be very effective at accounting for residual cloud in IASI scenes. Without correction, the scheme generates methane mixing rations that are biased by about 4% with some scan angle dependence. This bias (which is empirically corrected) cannot be explained by the updates to spectroscopy checked here. The scheme is based on RTTOV and so is relatively fast (capable of processing in NRT with modest computational resource) Summary

30. RTTOV coefficients should be updated based on latest spectroscopy and line- mixing models –Could enable wider spectral range to be exploited. –Study aslo found some issues with existing coefficients RTTOV leading to spurious structures in averaging kernels when represented on grid finer than retrieval levels – these should be addressed. The scheme relies on very good knowledge of temperature, particularly near to the surface; emissivity modelling is also very important over arid regions –Currently relies on ECMWF + Wisconsin databases for these –Errors in ECMWF analyses, inc interpolation to the IASI observation time / location, make a significant contribution to overall methane retrieval errors. –The current IASI L2 (version 6) temperature and humidity profiles have been found to be extremely promising in the parallel RAL / Eumetsat study to investigate the potential for AMSU+MHS observations to improve the operational IASI OEM temperature and humidity retrievals. –Study also implemented spectral emissivity retrieval into Eumetsat scheme –Potential for IASI T+humidity+emissivity to improve methane retrievals should be assessed. Further Work

31. Addition of the CH4 3.7 micron band: Reflected solar component gives near surface sensitivity. As in TIR, nearby N2O features could give effective cloud correction Region has relatively low SNR, but PCs could help (see Atkinson et al AMT,2010) Further work beyond study