2. REVIEW FOR THE FALL SEMESTER FINAL EXAM

3. INSTRUCTIONS: Go through the slides and answer each question in the packet; the slide numbers are listed for each question REVIEW FOR THE FALL SEMESTER FINAL EXAM

4. Neolithic Revolution The Neolithic Revolution is when humans learned how to farm; farming changed the way humans lived: People no longer had to be roaming nomads and became farmers People domesticated animals and established villages Farming villages became established along river valleys; the rivers offered good soil, irrigation, and sources of drinking water

5. In Mesopotamia (and other civilizations, like Egypt) being located in a river valley provided rich soil ideal for farming

6. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS GOVERNMENT: Babylonian King Hammurabi created the first written code of law Hammurabi’s Code had 282 laws based on justice and retaliation (for example: “an eye for an eye”)

7. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS Government: If it was decided a Chinese leader lost the Mandate of Heaven, overthrowing him and starting a new dynasty could be justified

8. Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) taught that people can achieve Nirvana by following the “Four Noble Truths”; this is the most significant teaching of Buddhism

9. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS Ancient Egypt had a hierarchy of specialized workers; the “pharaoh” is the Egyptian king

10. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS In Han China, the teachings of the philosopher Confucius had great influence on their society Confucianism focused on filial piety (respect for elders) For a bureaucrat to get a government job, he would have to pass a civil service exam based on Confucius’ teachings

11. When ruling their empire, the Persians were tolerant of conquered people’s cultures, built an extensive road system, and used standardized coins to promote business and trade PERSIA’S ORGANIZED EMPIRE

12. Mountains covered about 75% of Greece; these barriers divided the Greek people into separate mountain valleys; this led to the development of independent city-states

13. The Hindu religion used the “caste system”, which ranked people according to social status

14. The society of Sparta focused on military strength, not freedom, art, and learning (like Athens)

15. Ancient Greece is considered a “classical civilization” because Greek culture contributed to philosophy, art, entertainment, literature, architecture, science, education, and democracy

16. Alexander the Great’s main legacy was not his empire- building; the most significant effect of his conquests was spreading Hellenistic civilization (a blend of Greek, Persian, and Egyptian culture) throughout his empire

17. BELIEFS OF ISLAM Islam is monotheistic, worshipping only one God (the same God of Judaism and Christianity)

18. Muslims believe in the Five Pillars of Islam: Faith: belief in one God, Allah, and the Prophet Muhammad Prayer: 5 times per day towards Mecca Alms: 2.5% to charity Fasting: During the month of Ramadan Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca FIVE PILLARS

19. The Sunni-Shi’a Split Before the Umayyads, caliphs were elected members of Muhammad’s family Shi’a Muslims rejected the rule of the Umayyads The Shi’a believe that caliphs must come directly from Muhammad’s bloodline Sunni Muslims accepted the rule of the Umayyads The Sunni believe that caliphs should follow Muhammad’s example, but do not have to be relatives

20. Medicine Muslims of the Islamic Empire established the world’s first hospitals and based their medical knowledge on that of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece Ibn Sina created and developed medical encyclopedias

21. Islamic Empire and Gupta Empire Wealth from trade led to “golden ages” for the Islamic and Gupta Empires, a time of great achievements in science, mathematics, medicine, and architecture

22. EAST AFRICA Muslim merchants brought their religion with them to East Africa Islam was introduced to the East African trade cities

23. AFRICAN RELIGION CHANGES When Islam was introduced, the Animist religions and Islam were blended; however, many Africans chose to keep their traditional Animistic beliefs

24. WEST AFRICA: GHANA The gold-salt trade led to increased wealth in West Africa and the formation of empires A West African kingdom, Ghana, amassed vast wealth by taxing merchants

25. WEST AFRICA: MALI A kingdom neighboring Ghana, Mali, eventually overthrew Ghana and absorbed its territory into the new Mali Empire The gold-salt trade led to increased wealth in West Africa and the formation of empires

26. University in Timbuktu For example, Timbuktu became a trade city that attracted scholars, religious leaders, and doctors Because of his pilgrimage to Mecca, Mansa Musa expanded Islamic learning and culture in Mali

27. Aztecs worshipped many gods, especially the sun god; they made thousands of human sacrifices each year to the sun god

28. The demise of the Aztecs and Incas came when the Spanish conquistadors arrived in America and conquered the two empires

29. This era of stability was called “Pax Mongolica”, which means “Mongol Peace” Because of the safety of Pax Mongolica, there was enormous increase in trade between Asia and Europe through the Silk Road

30. Equally intelligent and vicious, Genghis Khan would lead the creation of the Mongol Empire, the largest land empire in human history From 1200 to 1206, Genghis Khan (“Universal Ruler”) united all of the Mongol clans under his rule

31. MARCO POLO’S TRAVELS Marco Polo traveled throughout Asia and Europe, making a written record that would later increase Europe’s interest in Asian luxury goods

32. The voyages led by Chinese admiral Zheng He led to the Chinese coming into contact with people from numerous other cultures

33. CHINESE INNOVATIONS 1. Mechanical clock6. Chinese writing 2. Magnetic compass7. Ship building 3. Gunpowder8. Vaccinations 4. Printing press9. Silk weaving 5. Paper money10 Porcelain CHINESE INNOVATIONS DURING THE TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES