1. Diversity of Life- Eukaryotic Microbes

2. Diversity of Life Kingdom

3.   Uni- or multi- cellular   Marine are mostly microscopic   Like bacteria, are important decomposers   Cell walls made of chitin http://www.uni-bonn.de/www/Pharmazeutische_Biologie/Forschung/Koenig/Marine_Microorganisms/bilder/Bild1.jpg Kingdom Fungi

4. Kingdom Protista  Three groups:  Animal-like, microscopic, unicellular (protozoans)  Plant-like, microscopic, unicellular (microalgae, phytoplankton)  Plant-like, macro, mostly multicellular (macroalgae, seaweeds)

5.   Animal-like protists   Heterotrophs – must eat   Single cell (unicellular)   50,000+ species, difficult to classify   Some parasitic Protozoans

6.  Ameboid organism inside calcareous (CaCO 3 ) shell  Pseudopodia extend through pores in shell  Planktonic or benthic Foraminifera http://www.bio.umass.edu/oeb/files/foraminifera.jpghttp://discovermagazine.com/2009/mar/05-what-is-this-a-windshields-worst-nightmare/foraminifera.jpg

7.  Shells become large part of sediment and beach sand Foraminifera http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2085f_Japon_Hatoma.jpg http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/randerson/Marine%20Invertebrates/Foraminifera.jpghttp://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgapr00/dwslide5.jpg http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2191/2385069810_c99c8fa0f0_o.jpghttp://www.foraminifera.eu/

8.  Shells become large part of sediment and beach sand Foraminifera http://www.bios.edu/media_publications/currents/2012/images/pink_sands_lg.jpghttp://i1.trekearth.com/photos/30568/bermudabeach1.jpg

9.  Collecting deep sea sediment for forams Foraminifera

10.  Important indicators of past climate  Cold vs. warm species present  Chemical composition of shells Foraminifera

11.   Also ameboid, with pseudopodia   But have silica (SiO 2 ) shell (like glass)   Mostly planktonic   Shells also become part of the sediment http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/radiolarians/radiohead.jpg Radiolarians

12.  Hair-like cilia for locomotion and feeding  Tintinnids form vase-like shell  Important part of the microbial loop http://server1.fandm.edu/Departments/Biology/People/Shimeta/research/tin2.JPG http://www.solaster-mb.org/mb/images/roberts-uk-euplotes-wl.JPG Ciliates

13.   Autotrophs are “primary producers”   The synthesis of organic matter from carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) CO 2 + H 2 O + light → C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 (sugar) Primary Productivity

14.   Measured as grams of carbon bound into organic matter per square meter of ocean surface per year g C / m 2 / yr   Entire oceans: 2.5x10 16 gC/yr (25 billion tons!)

15.  Multicellular benthic are more productive per unit area  Pelagic phytoplankton (photosynthesizing microorganisms in water) are most important (>98%) in total production Primary Productivity

16.  Geographic variation  Seasonal variation  Photosynthesis requires light and nutrients

17. Primary Productivity

19. Upwelling

20. NASA  Deep nutrient-rich waters return to surface  Phytoplankton (microalgae) blooms  More food for animals

21. Primary Producers   Prokaryotes (photosynthetic & chemosynthetic)   Domain Bacteria   Domain Archaea   Eukaryotes (photosynthetic)   Kingdom Protista   Unicellular algae (diatoms, dinoflagellates, coccolithophorids)   Multicellular algae (green, brown, red)   Kingdom Plantae   Seagrasses   Salt marsh plants   Mangroves

22. Diatoms http://www.daviddarling.info/images/diatoms.jpg  Variety of shapes  Can form chains  Mostly planktonic  Cooler waters (temperate, polar)

23. Diatoms  Silica (SiO 2 ) glass cell walls, spines  Oil droplets, air vacuoles for buoyancy  Chlorophyll a & c, carotenoid pigments

24. Diatoms  Asexual reproduction in phytoplankton and protozans:  Single cells divide rapidly in good conditions, form blooms  Offspring are genetic clones of parent

25. Diatoms  Shells become large part of sediment  Fossilized diatom shells – many uses http://ace.imageg.net/graphics/product_images/pACEBW-1150700dt.jpg http://www.spadiggitydog.com/media/fossilforce1.jpg http://www.lesliespool.com/lesliespoolimages/large/14316.jpg&t=1

26. Dinoflagellates  Two flagella for movement  Cellulose cell wall plates  Chl. a & c, carotenoids  Warmer waters (tropics) http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/micropolitan/fresh/protozoa/ceratiumdic2.jpg

27. Dinoflagellates http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~biolum/organism/pictures/dinos.jpg Bioluminescence http://www.elyunque.com/adven/biolady.jpg

28. Dinoflagellates Zooxanthellae – symbiotic dinoflagellates inside sponges, jellyfish, anemones, corals, giant clams http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/biol/units/symbiosis/images/coralbleach.jpg

29. Dinoflagellates  “Red tides” – harmful phytoplankton blooms  Red, orange, brown, green  Increase with nutrient pollution  Neurotoxins:  Brevetoxin  Saxitoxin (paralytic shellfish poisoning)  Ciguatoxin (ciguatera fish poisoning)

30. http://content1.eol.org/content/2008/12/10/21/66859_large.jpg

31. Coccolithophorids http://microscope.mbl.edu/baypaul/microscope/images/t_imgAZ/emiliana_bgw.jpg  Coccoliths – calcareous (CaCO 3 )  Chl. a & c, carotenoid pigments  Emiliania huxleyi – most important species globally http://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/soes/staff/tt/eh/pics/cocco9tn.jpg

32. Coccolithophorids  Coccolith bloom as seen from space  Plates become large part of sediment http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/9/94/Bloom_summer_off_cornwall.jpghttp://www.bbc.co.uk/england/sevenwonders/southeast/i/white_cliffs_320.jpg  White chalk cliffs of Dover, England