1. Chapter 9 Wakefulness and Sleep

2. Rhythms of Waking and Sleep Animals generate endogenous 24 hour cycles of wakefulness and sleep.

3. Rhythms of Waking and Sleep Endogenous circadian rhythms

4. Fig. 9-2, p. 267

5. Rhythms of Waking and Sleep Mechanisms of the circadian rhythms include the following: –The Suprachiasmatic nucleus. –Genes that produce certain proteins. –Melatonin levels.

6. Rhythms of Waking and Sleep Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

7. Fig. 9-4, p. 269

8. Rhythms of Waking and Sleep Two types of genes are responsible for generating the circadian rhythm. 1.Period - produce proteins called Per. 2.Timeless - produce proteins called Tim.

9. Fig. 9-5, p. 270

10. Rhythms of Waking and Sleep The SCN regulates waking and sleeping by controlling activity levels in other areas of the brain.

11. Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms Sleep is a specialized state that serves a variety of important functions including: –conservation of energy. –repair and restoration. –learning and memory consolidation.

12. Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms The electroencephalograph (EEG) allowed researchers to discover that there are various stages of sleep.

13. Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms Alpha waves Stage 1 sleep Stage 2 sleep –Sleep spindles –K-complexes Stage 3 and Stage 4 Non-REM (NREM)

14. Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms Rapid eye movement sleep (REM)

15. Fig. 9-9, p. 276

16. Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms Various brain mechanisms are associated with wakefulness and arousal. reticular formation Pontomesencephalon locus coeruleus basal forebrain Hypothalamus –Orexin

17. Table 9-1, p. 280

18. Fig. 9-11, p. 279

19. Fig. 9-12, p. 280

20. Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms During REM sleep: –Activity increases in the pons (triggers the onset of REM sleep), limbic system, parietal cortex and temporal cortex. –Activity decreases in the primary visual cortex, the motor cortex, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

21. Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms Atonia

22. Sleep Disorders Insomnia Sleep apnea Narcolepsy –Cataplexy REM behavior disorder

23. Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms Parasomnias –Night terrors –Sleep talking –Sleepwalking –Sleep eating –Sleep driving

24. Why Sleep? Why REM? Why Dreams? Conserve energy Restorative processes

25. Why Sleep? Why REM? Why Dreams? Enhancing learning and strengthening memory

26. Why Sleep? Why REM? Why Dreams? Humans spend one-third of their life asleep. One-fifth of sleep time is spent in REM.

27. Why Sleep? Why REM? Why Dreams? REM deprivation REM Rebound Research is inconclusive regarding the exact functions of REM.

28. Why Sleep? Why REM? Why Dreams? Accuracy of dreams… Two biological theories of dreaming include: 1.The activation-synthesis hypothesis. 2.The clinico-anatomical hypothesis.