1. Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior 2e Charles T. Blair-Broeker Randal M. Ernst

2. Cognitive Domain

3. Consciousness Chapter

4. Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms Module 24

5. Consciousness Module 24: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

6. Consciousness Awareness of yourself and your environment

7. Body Rhythms Module 24: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

8. Biological Rhythms Periodic physiological fluctuations Can affect physiological functioning Fall into three main categories –Circadian (ser Kay dee un) Rhythms –Ultradian (ul TRAY dee un) Rhythms –Infradian (in FRAY dee un) Rhythms

9. Circadian (ser-KAY-dee-un) Rhythms Biological rhythms that occur approximately every 24 hours Example: Sleep-wake cycle and temperature

10. Sleep and Circadian Rhythms Play “Sleep and Circadian Rhythms” (6:09) Module #13 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2 nd edition). http://www.learner.org/resources/series1 42.htmlhttp://www.learner.org/resources/series1 42.html

11. Ultradian (ul-TRAY-dee-um) Rhythms Biological rhythms that occur more than once each day Example: Stages of sleep throughout the night

12. Infradian (in-FRAY-dee-un) Rhythms Biological rhythms that occur once a month or once a season Example: Women’s menstrual cycle

13. Awareness We are aware of some of these biological rhythms as we cycle through them, but most run on autopilot.

14. Biological Rhythms Play “Can You Beat Jet Lag?” (6:44) Segment #15 from Scientific American Frontiers: Video Collection for Introductory Psychology (2 nd edition).

15. Sleep and Sleep Deficit Module 24: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

16. Sleep Deprivation Effects Decreases efficiency of immune system functioning (decreases level of hormones necessary for proper immune system functioning) Safety and accident issues Contributes to hypertension, impaired concentration, irritability, suppression of cancer-fighting immune cells and premature aging.

17. Sleep Deprivation

18. Sleep Deprivation Studies Play “Catching Catnaps” (11:45) Segment #13 from Scientific American Frontiers: Video Collection for Introductory Psychology (2 nd edition).

19. Sleep Debt “The brain keeps an accurate count of sleep debt” This helps explain why some teens sleep until noon on weekends (and why I go to be by 8pm, once a week). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nSNRdv usmQs Peter Tripphttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nSNRdv usmQs

20. Why We Sleep Module 24: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

21. Hypothalamus Sleep control center in the brain Monitors changes in light or dark in the environment Changes levels of hormones (chemical messengers) in the body

22. Melatonin Hormone that helps regulate daily biological rhythms Linked to the sleep-wake cycle Melatonin level increases during the night and decreases with exposure to morning light

23. Reasons for Sleep Two primary reasons: –Preservation: keep us protected from the dangers of the night –Restoration: recuperate from the wear and tear of the day (tissues are restored, memories are consolidated, and things learned on the previous day are reorganized).

24. Sleep Stages, REM, and Dreaming: The Stages of Sleep Module 24: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

25. Electroencephalograph (EEG) Machine that amplifies and records waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface Electrodes placed on the scalp measure the waves

26. Electroencephalograph (EEG) Electrodes are placed on the person’s scalp to measure the waves Used as a means to measure the stages of sleep

27. EEG

28. Stage 1 Sleep Breathing is slowed. Brain waves become irregular. It is easy to wake the person, who will insist they are not asleep. Rarely lasts longer than 5 minutes

29. Stage 1

30. Stages of Sleep

31. Stage 1

32. Stage 2 Sleep Brain wave cycle slows. First time through stage 2 last about 20 minutes.

33. Stage 2

34. Stages 3 and 4 Sleep Slow wave sleep First time through stage 4 is about 30 minutes and is where one gets rejuvenated

35. Stage 3

36. Stage 4

37. Sleep Play “Sleep: Brain Functions” (11:12) Module #14 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2 nd edition).

38. Sleep Stages, REM, and Dreaming: REM Sleep Module 24: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

39. Non-REM Sleep Stages 1 - 4 considered N-REM (non- REM sleep)

40. REM Sleep Rapid eye movement (REM Sleep) as eyes move quickly back and forth Vivid dreaming occurs in REM sleep Considered “paradoxical sleep” Term coined by William Dement

41. REM Sleep

42. Paradoxical Sleep During REM sleep brain wave patterns are similar to when a person is awake Pulse and breathing quickens. REM sleep is sometimes called paradoxical sleep as one’s physiology is close to that of being awake but the brainstem blocks all muscle movement

43. 90-Minute Rhythm This 90-minute rhythm continues all night, although stages 3 and 4 drop out of the cycle after the second or third time through. The last 4 hrs of sleep, considering you get the 8-9 hrs you need, are pretty much spent alternating between Stage 2 and REM.

44. REM Sleep Play “REM Sleep and Dreams” (8:23) Module #15 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2 nd edition).

45. Typical Night’s Sleep

46. Sleep Changes through Life

47. Sleep Stages, REM, and Dreaming: Why Do We Dream? Module 24: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

48. Information-Processing Theory Dreams serve an important memory- related function by sorting and sifting through the day’s experiences Research suggests REM sleep helps memory storage.

49. Physiological Function Theory Neural activity during REM sleep provides periodic stimulation of the brain. –Infants, whose brains are developing at a fantastic rate, spend significantly more time than adults in REM sleep. –The pituitary gland secretes a growth hormone during Stages 3 & 4, which also supports this theory.

50. Activation-Synthesis Theory Dreams are the mind’s attempt to make sense of random neural firings in the brain as one sleeps.

51. Cognitive Development Theory Dreams part of the maturation process Dreams reflect our knowledge Reflection of normal cognitive development

52. Dream Research Play “What’s in a Dream?” (13:00) Segment #14 from Scientific American Frontiers: Video Collection for Introductory Psychology (2 nd edition).

53. Sleep Disorders and Sleep Problems http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2yfUL8uct0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2yfUL8uct0 Module 24: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

54. Insomnia Recurring problems falling asleep or staying asleep Sleeping pills tend to inhibit or suppress REM sleep; worsen the problem Alcohol suppresses REM sleep; also worsens the problem Studies show most people overestimate how long it took them to get to sleep

55. Sleep Apnea Sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings. Tend to be loud snorers Continuous Positive Airway Pressure machine

56. Narcolepsy Sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks Person may lapse directly into REM sleep Nervous system getting aroused tends to trigger the sleep attack http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOk ckq9pfoE&feature=endscreen&NR=1http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOk ckq9pfoE&feature=endscreen&NR=1

57. Somnambulism Formal name for sleepwalking Starts in the deep stages of N-REM sleep Person can walk or talk and is able to see Rarely has any memory of the event

58. Night Terrors Sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and appearance of being terrified Unlike nightmares Happens during stage 4 sleep; mostly children The children seldom remember the event.

59. Other Sleep Disorders Bruxism – teeth grinding Enuresis – bed wetting Myoclonus – sudden jerk of a body part occurring during stage 1 sleep –Everyone has occasional episodes of myoclonus

60. The End

61. Videos http://video.pbs.org/video/1506775918/ Nova, Sleep http://video.pbs.org/video/2305171086 http://video.pbs.org/video/1889400527 http://www.ted.com/talks/arianna_huffington_how_to_succeed_get_ more_sleep.htmlhttp://www.ted.com/talks/arianna_huffington_how_to_succeed_get_ more_sleep.html http://superl8tive.com/list/10022/best-kid-falling-asleep-videos The Nature of Things: Lights Out