1. Emotions & Stress

3. What are the three parts of emotion? Expressive behavior Physiological arousal Conscious experience

4. What are the three theories of emotion? (Summary)

5. What is the Two Factor Theory of emotion? Emotion = body response + cognitive interpretation

6. What makes happiness? Our general happiness level is largely unchanged by both very positive or very negative events.

7. What is the Adaptation - level phenomenon? Our tendency to judge items (income, grades, sounds, lights) relative to a “neutral” (or accustomed) level based on our prior experience.  Income  Temperature  Grades

8. What predicts happiness? High self-esteem Optimism Having a satisfying marriage or close friends Being happy in work and leisure Religious faith Enough sleep and exercise.

9. What influence does money and love have on our happiness?

10. Does money effect happiness? Wealthy (more control) = longer life Poor ( less control) = shorter life Be careful about cause and effect  Wealthy can afford more health care and better foods

11. Will money buy happiness? Buying power has increased, but happiness remains unchanged

12. Do college students think money will buy happiness? College students’ attitude toward money

13. Do you remember? What are the three parts of emotion? What does the two factor theory have that the others do not? What is the adaptation-level phenomenon? As buying power increases, what happens to happiness?

14. What about stress?

15. What is your stress response system? - fight or flight With stress, the body prepares for fight or flight Sympathetic nervous system reacts  Stress hormones released - Adrenaline  Heart rate and respiration increases  Blood diverted from digestion to skeletal muscles  Dulls pain  Releases sugar for energy Parasympathetic nervous system  Allows return to normal

16. What is your General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)? Applies to all stress situations Phase #1 = Alarm  Respiration increases  Temperature increases  Heart rate increases  Blood diverted to skeletal muscles

17. What is your General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)? Phase #2 = Resistance  Hormones (e.g. adrenaline) increase Phase #3 = Exhaustion  Tiredness, More vulnerable to illness  Mental breakdown  Possibly death

18. General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

19. Does stress cause disease? Widowed, divorced, or separated are more vulnerable to disease Stress weakens body’s defenses More susceptible to Bacterial infections Viral infections - Including AIDS (from HIV virus) spread through bodily fluids Heart disease

20. How does your personality effect stress & heart disease? Type “A” Personality  Hard driving, impatient, time sensitive, super motivated, verbally aggressive and easily angered More prone to heart attacks Type “B” Personality  Easy going and relaxed Less prone to heart attacks

21. How does hopelessness effect heart attacks?

22. Do you remember? What nervous systems get you ready for fight or flight, and calm you down? What are the phases in the general adaptation syndrome? What social factors can cause stress and make you more vulnerable to disease? Stress can increase your succeptability to what diseases?

23. How can you cope with stress? (Summary) Control Optimism Social support

24. Does having control help you cope with stress?

25. Executive rats that could turn off (control) the stress by turning a wheel did not develop ulcers. Subordinate rats receiving a shock (stress) with no control developed ulcers Uncontrolled stress = ulcers

26. Does optimism help you cope with stress? Yes Optimists perceive more control & cope better with stress

27. How does social support help you cope with stress? Being able to confide fears & frustrations to close friends will reduce stress. Happily married couples live longer

28. How can you reduce stress? Aerobic exercise? Relaxation and meditation? Complimentary and alternative medicine?

29. How does aerobic exercise help? Exercise that keeps the heart pumping for an extended period of time Helps reduce stress, depression and anxiety

30. How can meditation (Relaxation) help? Quiet time to relax and enjoy the tranquility Reduces the bad effects of stress such as headaches, hypertension, anxiety and insomnia

31. How can biofeedback help you relax? Can help people relax by providing information about changes in muscle tension & heart rate.

32. Are alternative medicines effective? E.g. Acupuncture, massage therapy, spiritual healing, herbal remedies, aromatherapy. The value of these remedies are often over estimated due to: Placebo effect (You get what you expect) Spontaneous remission (The body cures itself)

33. Do you remember? What strategies help you cope with stress? What is an example of social support helping you cope with stress? What is an example of using biofeedback to reduce stress? Discuss the placebo effect.