1. Reconstruction Clow, Jensen, Poorman Flour Bluff JHS 2014-15

2. Reconstruction The period between 1865 and 1877 during which the United States was reunited and rebuilt.

3. Key Questions 1. How do we bring the South back into the Union? 2. How do we integrate and protect newly- emancipated black freedmen? 3. Who’s job is it to decide the process for reconstruction?

4. Key Question How do we bring the South back into the Union? Who’s job is it to decide the process for reconstruction?

5. President Lincoln’s 10% Plan * Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) * He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction. * “Malice to none and charity towards all.” * Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers. * When 10% of the voting population had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized. * Bring the country together as countrymen not winners and losers.

6. President Andrew Johnson -Racist -Johnson did not want harsh penalties on the seceding states. - Like Lincoln, he just wanted to re-admit them so the nation could begin healing.

7. After the Civil War, politicians felt they had to keep southern congressional leaders in check.

8. Civil Rights Bill of 1866 Defined US citizenship and affirmed that all citizens were equally protected by the law President Johnson vetoed it (saying it was a state decision), but Congress overrode his veto.

9. “Radical Republicans”

10. Favored harsh (or radical) treatment of the South quick incorporation of freemen into citizenry full privileges for blacks including voting rights the seizure of land from Southern planters.

11. It’s because of the Radical Republicans’ actions that the Democratic Party ruled the South for the next 100 years.

12. Two new funny-but-nasty words “SCALAWAGS” Southerners who worked with Republicans to take economic advantage of Reconstruction. They were viewed as “traitors” by others. “CARPETBAGGERS” Northerners who went South to get involved in politics. Named after their luggage, they were not trusted by others, either.

13. Key Question How do we integrate and protect newly- emancipated black freedmen?

14. While the war was still going on, the War Department set up the “Freedmen’s Bureau.” Technically, the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands

15. Its purpose was to assist former slaves for one year during their transition. This included food, clothing, medicine and above all, education. The Bureau also took control of all confiscated lands or property.

16. Slavery is Dead? Text

17. Southerners passed laws to limit opportunities for the blacks they had been forced to set free. These laws were known as “black codes” and “Jim Crow laws.” Southerners skirt the rules

18. Some freed slaves were able to take advantage of the opportunities, but most programs were underfunded and most freed slaves ended up going back to plantations or sharecropping.

19. Tenancy & the Crop Lien System Furnishing MerchantTenant FarmerLandowner  Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.  Sells food, clothing, and other necessities on credit from merchant until the harvest.  Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt. Plants crop, harvests in autumn.  Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.  Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant in payment of debt. Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop. Makes money off the sharecropper

20. Accepting change Three amendments to the U.S. Constitution were ratified during Reconstruction. They became known as the “Reconstruction amendments”

21. 13 th Amendment (1865) Outlawed slavery everywhere (the Emancipation Proclamation three years earlier had been limited to the rebelling slave states, not the “border states”).

22. 14 th Amendment (1868) Gave all U.S.-born people (except Native Americans) the rights of citizenship, with equal protection under law regardless of race. Did NOT give former slaves the right to vote, but it limited the Congressional representation of any state that didn’t let them vote.

23. Gave voting rights to black men. (Women would have to wait until 1920 for the 19 th Amendment). 15 th Amendment (1870)

24. **Radical Plan for Readmission  Civil authorities in the territories were subject to military supervision.  Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13 th and 14 th Amendments.  In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.

25. Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 Allowed military occupation of the former confederate states in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14 th Amendment. Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts. Also set requirements for readmission to the Union and strict guidelines on representation (Let the freed slaves vote or lose some power in Congress)

26. Key Question Who’s job is it to decide the process for reconstruction ?

27. *Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Command of the Army Act The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military. Tenure of Office Act Designed to protect radical members of Lincoln’s government. A question of the constitutionality of this law. Edwin Stanton

28. **President Johnson’s Impeachment  Johnson removed Stanton (Secretary of War) in February, 1868.  Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.  The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

29. **The Senate Trial  11 week trial.  Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

30. A secret society in the late 1860s that used intimidation tactics on African Americans and anyone who helped them. The KKK looked to end the Republican Party in the South. Ku Klux Klan

31. Hiram Rhodes Revels The first African-American Senator in 1870 (Mississippi). Spoke out against segregation. Twenty-two African-American men were elected to Congress from 1865 to 1900.

32. In this informal deal, Rutherford B. Hayes won the presidency in exchange for federal troops leaving the South, ending Reconstruction. “Compromise of 1877”

33. Also part of the deal… Construction of another Southern railroad Legislation to industrialize the South Guarantee that a Southern Democrat would be in Hayes’ administration. “Compromise of 1877”

34. Other actions taken during reconstruction time period.

35. Homestead Act of 1862

36. The General Land Office gave heads of households 160 acres to “improve.” If they built a house on it and farmed the land for five years, it would become their own. Homestead Act of 1862

37. Most of the land went to speculators, cattlemen, miners, lumbermen and railroads. Between 1862 and 1904, of the 500 million acres dispersed, only 80 million went to homesteaders. Homestead Act of 1862

38. Allowed the western territories to be settled quickly.

39. Morrill Act of 1862 Granted land to new western states to establish their first public colleges for their citizens.

40. Major universities such as Texas, Texas A&M, Nebraska, Washington State, Clemson, and Cornell were chartered as land-grant schools. Morrill Act of 1862

42. Brought education to thousands of farmers and working people, reshaping the nation’s social and economic fabric. Morrill Act of 1862

43. Dawes Act (1887) Broke up reservation land into pieces to be given to individual Indians.

44. The Dawes Act Law passed in 1887 attempting to assimilate Native Americans into American society The law led to the creation of “Indian Territory” in what is today the state of Oklahoma It was also supposed to protect Indian property rights, particularly during the land rushes of the 1890s, but in many instances the results were vastly different.

45. The Dawes Act Native American children were forced to learn English and became more “Americanized” Native American families were forced from their homelands and onto reservations The U.S. government had to use force to move some Native American

46. The Indians’ land was often desert land unsuitable for farming. Dawes Act (1887) In addition, the farming techniques were much different from their tribal way of life.

47. Dawes Act (1887) Many Indians did not want to take up agriculture, and those who wanted to farm could not afford the supplies.

48. Dawes Act (1887)