1. Question: When, exactly, does history begin?

2. History - is the story of the past, all recorded events of the past. Pre-history - is the period before the appearance of written records. Ancient - belongs to the early history of humans, usually before the end of the Roman Empire

3. The Origins of Humans Humans

4. Theories on prehistory and early man constantly change as new evidence come to light. Louis Leakey

5. Evolution

6. Charles Darwin: Father of Evolution 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882 When he was 22, he embarked on a 5 year journey around the world, as a Naturalist on the HMS Beagle The distribution of wildlife and fossils he saw on his journey was later used to develop his theory of Evolution. This evidence was then used to publish his theory in his 1859 book On the Origins of Species

7. Evolution Gradual change over many generations Widely held notion that all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor. Natural Selection (Survival of the Fittest) = Random genetic mutations occur and the “good” aspects are kept to aid survival Failure to evolve in response to the environmental changes can and often does lead to extinction.

8. In this theory, modern humans and apes share a common ancestor, with a split taking place about 8 million years ago. Did you know… Did you know… Humans and Pygmy Humans and Pygmy chimps share chimps share approximately 99% approximately 99% of the same DNA. of the same DNA.

10. Brain Pop on Charles Darwin:

12. Out of Africa… 20 th Century archaeological discoveries in Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Southern Africa indicate that humankind originated in Africa.

13. Out of Africa… “Africa is the part of the world in which most or even all of the critical stages of human evolution took place.”

15. Old Stone Age = Palaeolithic Age Started around 2 million years ago and ended around 8000 B.C.E Nomadic = moving from place to place hunting and gathering Hominids = Any member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans.

16. Say hello…

18. STOP!! Fossilization handout. Answer the questions which will be taken up as a class.

19. Australopithecine

20. Australopithecine 4.4 to 2.8 millions years ago Some teeth were human-like Approximately 1.2 m tall Molars like chimpanzee Walked upright (Bipedalism) Arm bone structure different than ape Characterized by heavily brow ridges, large skull and slopping forehead large skull and slopping forehead Walked slightly bow-legged

21. There are many types of australopithecines that continued to evolve over millions of years.

22. Example of Australopithecine: Lucy Discovered in Ethiopia in 1974 by Donald Johanson The skeleton was 40% complete About 3.5 million years old 25-30 year old female Named after the Beatles song “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds”

23. Homo Habilis = Handy Man

24. The first true humans Found in East Africa Nomadic Created basic stone stools Main diet was fruits & vegetables Built campfires but did not know how to make fire

25. Homo Habilis = Handy Man

26. Handy Man Clip http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PxE- MwtkugY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PxE- MwtkugY 5 minutes

27. Homo Erectus = Upright Man

28. Existed between 1.8 million years ago and 300,000 years ago First to look like people *No Chin *Low long Skull * Large Molars * Thick brow ridges * Protruding Jaw Found in Africa, Asia and Europe (about 1 million years ago began to leave Africa because the Ice Age produced bridges allowing for travel) Tool making skills were considerably improved: Stone axes and knives

29. Homo Erectus Had fire making skills!!!!!

31. Homo Erectus and Modern Man Skeleton more robust than modern humans which indicates great strength Skeleton more robust than modern humans which indicates great strength

32. Australopithecus & Homo Erectus

33. Homo Sapiens = Wise Man

34. First appeared about 500,000 years ago Skull characteristics of both Homo Erectus & Modern Humans Skeleton and teeth are smaller than Homo Erectus, but larger than Modern Humans Large brow ridges, receding forehead and chin Homo Sapiens = Wise Man

36. Comparison of skulls of (a) Home sapiens and (b) Homo erectus

37. Homo Habilis & Homo Sapien

38. Tools of Homo Sapiens

39. Neanderthals

40. Existed between 230,000 and 30,000 years ago. Europe and the Middle East Named after the Neander Valley in Germany - Protruding jaw - Protruding jaw - Receding forehead - Receding forehead - Short, Solid - Short, Solid - Short Limbs - Short Limbs - Mid-face area protruded, probably adaptation to cold - Mid-face area protruded, probably adaptation to cold Neanderthals

41. Neanderthals Height Average = 5’6’’ Extraordinarily strong by today’s standards Skeletons showed they lived extremely hard lives

43. Great Hunters First to bury their dead Lived in caves and tents Known as cavemen Made clothes from animal skin and used animal tusks of animals to make needles Stone axes Neanderthals

44. Neanderthals

45. Homo Sapiens Sapiens = Wise, Wise Man

46. Replaced the Neanderthals Cro-Magnon People (Modern Man) First appeared about 195,000 years ago Made more delicate & efficient tools Carved fishhooks, harpoons & needles Began to build shelters out of animal skin Paintings left on cave walls Homo Sapiens Sapiens = Wise, Wise Man

48. Australopithecus  Habilis  erectus  Sapiens Sapiens

49. Tools

50. Cave Painting

51. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/10/photogalleries/homo_floresiensis_1/in dex.html

52. To Do: Human Evolution Brain Pop Mary Leakey (Page 27) 1.What were Mary’s formal qualifications as an archeologist? 2.Where did the Leakey discoveries place the origins of Humans? 3.What did Mary discover in 1078? How old were they and why were they significant? Origins of Humans worksheet

53. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- 7bqi70B3tE&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- 7bqi70B3tE&feature=related

54. Mesolithic Age: Middle Stone Age

55. Middle Stone Age = Mesolithic Age 8000 B.C.E to 6000 B.C.E. Climate grew warmer = grasslands & forests Improved weapons & tools 1 st pottery, which was used to store food & water Besides fishhooks & harpoons, they weaved nets & used canoes for fishing and travel Domesticated dogs for hunting & protection

56. Neolithic Revolution:

57. The New Stone Age = Neolithic Age 6000 B.C.E. to 3500 B.C.E. Planted seeds & started farming Farming is known as the Neolithic Revolution Kept herds of animals (cattle & sheep), which added meat to the diet Used cattle & oxen to pull plows

58. The New Stone Age: Neolithic Age Affect of farming: –Did not have to move around as much to find food. –A more reliable source of food. –A surplus of food. Consequently, populations grew and settlements became larger. Larger families = more help = more food. Led to sharing of responsibilities.

59. Built sturdy houses & villages started to form Decorative pottery, dishes & ornaments Weaved cloth from plant fiber & animal hair Polished stone Invention of the wheel & axels and later simple carts The New Stone Age = Neolithic Age

60. Brain Pop

61. First Societies: http://www.youtube.com/user/AllHistories# p/u/236/GklwSat8inU http://www.youtube.com/user/AllHistories# p/u/236/GklwSat8inU

62. Specialization of labour = Separation and assignment of jobs according to the skills of individuals Markets and trading Economy, $, class system More leisure time There was a form of government, which regulated customs and rules for protection Culture developed Stonehenge was built The New Stone Age = Neolithic Age

63. Stonehenge http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- 6oxmxPKoSE&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- 6oxmxPKoSE&feature=related

64. The Bronze Age 4000 B.C.E. Bronze ended the New Stone Age Bronze was made from copper & tin Bronze was 1 st found in the Middle East = beginning of a metals industry Stronger weapons, tools, swords, shields

65. Making Bronze… http://www.youtube.com/user/AllHistories# p/search/1/biHJaYWWIzM http://www.youtube.com/user/AllHistories# p/search/1/biHJaYWWIzM

66. Bronze improved productivity in farming: Digging sticks, plows, tools of irrigation and sickles The potter’s wheel invented Simple sailing and navigation = trade with distant places Development of specialization = urbanization Urbanization = Growth of cities due to migration of people to them The Bronze Age

67. What makes a civilization? With a partner, brainstorm elements that you consider to be essential for a civilization. This will be shared with the class.

68. Civilization Centralized Government Occupation Specialization Agricultural Intensification State Religion Class Structure Writing and Science Merchants and Trades

69. Civilization Centralized Government Occupational Specialization Agricultural Intensification State Religion Class Structure Development of Writing & Science Merchants & Trade

70. Rivers & Civilizations Civilizations relied on rivers for: Steady source of water Fertile soil Fish to supplement their diet Transportation Communication through Trade and Exchange of ideas

72. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mH_nC ZL7-us&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mH_nC ZL7-us&feature=related

73. Early Agriculture: http://www.youtube.com/user/AllHistories# p/u/235/xbXWWzxC1e0 http://www.youtube.com/user/AllHistories# p/u/235/xbXWWzxC1e0 http://www.youtube.com/user/AllHistories# p/u/235/xbXWWzxC1e0 First three minutes