1. Acids and Bases PS-3.8 Classify various solutions as acids or bases according to their physical properties, chemical properties (including neutralization and reaction with metals), generalized formulas, and pH (using pH meters, pH paper, and litmus paper).

2. Acid ! Definition: A chemical that releases hydrogen ions (H + ) in a solution. When dissolved in water, H+ ions interact with water molecules and form the hydronium ion (H 3 O + ). http://www.canadaconnects.ca/_chemistry/photos/acids&bases.png

3. Identifying Acids Hydrogen (H) will be the first element in the formula. –HCl Hydrochloric acid (stomach acid) –H 2 SO 4 Sulfuric Acid (common industrial acid) Exception: H 2 O

4. Acid Properties 1.Conduct electricity 2.Taste sour 3.Turn blue litmus paper red 4.pH<7 5.React w/ metals such as zinc and magnesium. 6.Reacts with bases to produce water and salt.

5. Bases! Definition: A chemical that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution.

6. Identifying bases Formula will end in hydroxide –OH. –NaOH sodium hydroxide ( drain cleaner) –Ca(OH) 2 Calcium Hydroxide (fertilizer)

7. Base Properties 1.Conduct electricity 2.Taste bitter 3.Turn red litmus paper blue 4.pH>7 5.Feel slippery 6.React with acids to produce water and salt.

8. http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/chang7/esp/folder_structure/cr/m3/s3/assets/images/crm3s3_1.jpg

9. Neutralization A chemical reaction in which acid + base  salt + water HCl (aq) + NaHCO 3 (s)  NaCl (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O (l) acid + base  salt + water

10. Salt Definition: compound formed when the negative ions formed from an acid combine with the positive ions formed from a base. 2HCl (aq) + Ca(OH) 2 (aq)  CaCl 2 (aq) + 2H 2 O (l) acid + base salt + water

11. pH scale A way to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution. It measures how acidic or how basic a solution is. 11131210345978610214 Acid Base Neutral

12. Indicators What are some ways to measure the pH of a substance? 1.pH paper 2.litmus paper 3.pH meters 4.Phenolphthalein 5.Cabbage Juice http://life-enthusiast.com/usa/images/mel_ph_paper.jpg http://www.thesciencefair.com/Merchant2/graphics/00000 001/LitmusBlue100%204302-1_M.jpg http://www.covers4pools.co.uk/acatalog/hi98107.jpg http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/demos/images/magicpitch er.GIF

13. Strength of acids Strong acid: acid that ionizes almost completely in a solution. Examples: HCl, HNO 3, H 2 SO 4 Weak acid: acid that only partly ionizes in solution Example: acetic acid, carbonic acid

14. Strength of Bases Strong base: dissociates completely in solution. Ex: NaOH Weak base: one that does not ionize completely. Ex: NH 3