2. What were some of the causes of the Civil War?

4. North and South take Different Paths The North began to develop more industry Northern industry attracted many immigrants and cities grew Canals and railroads went East to West, connecting North with the Midwest Southern economy tied to plantation farming Relied on cotton plantations and slavery Wealthy plantation owners controlled Southern society

5. Antislavery and Racism  Issue of slavery caused tension between the North and the South  Southerners determined to uphold slavery  Arguments for slavery: whites better than blacks, slaves were introduced to Christianity, slaves were provided with clothing, food, shelter  Abolitionists believed slavery was unjust and should be ended immediately  Northerners opposed slavery for economic reasons too – slaves might take their jobs  Even Northerners were racist by today’s standards

7.  Frederick Douglass – slave who secretly and illegally learned to read and write.  Escaped slavery and headed North where be became a vocal speaker against slavery.

8.  Sojourner Truth – former slave who said God called her to argue for abolition and women’s rights.

9. Wilmot Proviso  Proposed when United States was fighting against Mexico  If passed, WP would outlaw slavery in any territory gained from Mexico  North felt South only wanted land to extend slavery  South didn’t think Congress had the right to prevent them from bringing slaves into the territories  Viewed slaves as property and said Constitution prevented gov’t from taking away property without due process  Did not become a law, but led to the creation of the Free-Soil Party (which opposed slavery)

10. Controversy over Territories  After war with Mexico, the US had to figure out how slavery would be handled in the land we got  Adding new states threatened the balance of power between “free states” and “slave states” in Congress  California:  Most residents wanted to be a free state, but this would favor North  Southerners wanted to divide CA in half  1850: applied for statehood as a free state

11. The Compromise of 1850  Congress debated California’s application for statehood  Henry Clay created a compromise between free states and slave states  To please North: CA a free state, no slave trade in DC  To please South:  Congress would not be allowed to pass laws regarding slavery  Congress would pass a law to help slave owners capture runaway slaves  The compromise became law in 1850, many said it saved the Union

12. The Fugitive Slave Act  Created as a result of the Compromise of 1850  Required Northerners to recapture runaway slaves and return them to their master.  African-Americans accused of being runaways (aka: fugitives) could arrested and held without a warrant or trial  Placed fines on people who didn’t cooperate and sent people who helped runaway slaves to jail  Many slave catchers from South began to go North  Northerners faced with difficult ethical decision: support slavery or break law