1. Ruminant Restraint Dr. Dipa Brahmbhatt VMD, MPH, MS "I think using animals for food is an ethical thing to do, but we've got to do it right. We've got to give those animals a decent life and we've got to give them a painless death. We owe the animal respect." —Temple Grandin

2. Question  Livestock husbandry practices are dictated by the intended use of the animal.  Even though all cattle have similar instincts, husbandry practices can have a significant effect on an animal’s behavior.  What are some of the basic behavioral differences of beef cattle and dairy cattle that affect the way that they are handled and restrained?

3. Beef Cattle – Cow/Calf Producers NE,TX, KS   Before the feedlot, spend most of their time in open range or field settings.  Handled and restrained only occasionally: vaccination and deworming.  Suspicious of humans and enclosures (pens and chutes), and are usually more difficult to segregate and restrain.  Caution: Beef bulls and cows with calves

4. Dairy cattle  Temperament  nervous cow  the docile cow  the balker (obstinate)  the chronic kicker  Dairy bulls should never by trusted  Cows with calves  Facility  dark barns are apt to be nervous.  Better in a well lighted, well ventilated one  sedative or anesthetic

5. Ferocious Bull

6. Dairy Cattle   Dairy cattle are handled more frequently and spend much less time in open settings.   Dairy cows are milked twice daily while lactating, and the lactation cycle lasts on average 8-10 months of the year.   Breeding is done by artificial insemination.   Calves are often reared in enclosures with frequent human contact.   In generaL, dairy cattle tend to be much easier to handle and restrain. (Caution on dairy bulls and mums)

7. Most veterinarian procedures required two stages of animal handling: 1. The individual most be separate from the herd (herding instinct) 2. The individual must then be restrained appropriately for the procedure

8. Drive animals to pen/corral /“tub” Tub to alleyway to working chute

9. Moving and Herding Cattle  CALM  Should not move faster than a walk  SHOULDER  Aka: point of balance  Behind > forward  Front > backwards  Ask the farmer  Ask the farmer Ask the farmer Ask the farmer  Cattle move toward light  STRESS > DISEASE AND LOW PERFORMANCE Tailing

10. Backstops Spring loaded panels pushed forward as animal moves through than popped back in place

13.  The working chute is designed to hold one animal at the time  Silencer chute Silencer chute Silencer chute Chute Restraint

14. Self closing head catch or manually

15. “Posting” Use both hands

16. Fully restrain head before working with animal Head first squeeze later

19. Nose lead

21. Challenges  Cow is down  Occlude trachea or blood flow to the cranium  Handle calmly  Only 1 hand inside chute

22.  Head restraint may be applied to cooperative animals, without use of a chute, but most individuals must be placed in a chute first. Head restraint Head restraint  "the part that draws goes under the jaws.“   Not for beef

23.  Cattle halters are used to control the head by tying or securing the head to an immovable object with a rope attached to the halter  Watch trachea and eye QUICK RELEASE

25. Restraints that divert attention  Tail restraint  Nose lead/ “nose tongs”  IV injection  Udder surgery  Examine hoof  Restraint of the head

27. Nose leads  They apply blunt, pinching pressure to the nasal septum.  Supplement with halter and/or with head restraint  Nasal septum may be torn with violent movement

29. Don’t use in calves If tie knot: quick release and monitor carefully

30. Nose rings  Placed through the nasal septum and are often used in bulls  Should not be used to tie the head for head restraint  Only for additional control of the head but: nasal septum can be torn

31. Tail Restraint TAIL JACK Cattle tail not as strong as horse Don’t include vertebrae

32. Leg Restraint Over common Calcaneal tendon, just above the hocks Hobbels/ Hoppels – No Kicking Flank rope – No Kicking

33. Leg Restraint

34. Leg Restraint: Front Leg Hoppel ASSISTANT PE or treatment A rope with an eye in one end is used to form a loop around the pastern. The other end of the rope passes over the withers where is should be held by an assistant so that it can be released quickly if the cow starts to go down.

37. Beam and Hook - HL Other method

38. If more than 30 min. NPO

39. Casting – Rope Squeeze  Casting is a method of forcing an animal to the ground, usually with ropes  Prefer R lateral recumbency: discourages bloat  Casting - calving Casting - calving Casting - calving

40. Casting – Burley Method Advantages Less time No respiratory/ CVS pressure No pressure in genitalia area Dr. D. R. Burley of Georgia

41. Recumbent animal  Stand next to spine  Back/ Rib/ Thigh  Tap, slap or poke (blunt item)  Knee  Electric cattle prod only if necessary

42. Calf restraint  Separate the calf from mother first  One arm around chest and other around base of tail  Lateral recumbency: “Flanking”, slide down your legs DO NOT throw calf on ground  1 knee on neck and other holding HL

43. Calf restraint  Do not throw the calf to the ground  Do not place the entire bodyweight on the calf and do not occlude the trachea

44. Video http://vetvideos.com/restraintcattle.htm http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=- 1725026942547112254 http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=- 1725026942547112254 http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8512037 042653473796 http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8512037 042653473796 http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=- 6761217048822203559 http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=- 6761217048822203559 http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=- 3356654913389880021 http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=- 3356654913389880021

45. References  http://research.vet.upenn.edu/Dairy/Restraint/Re straintsthatDivertAttention/NoseLead/tabid/3904/ Default.aspx http://research.vet.upenn.edu/Dairy/Restraint/Re straintsthatDivertAttention/NoseLead/tabid/3904/ Default.aspx http://research.vet.upenn.edu/Dairy/Restraint/Re straintsthatDivertAttention/NoseLead/tabid/3904/ Default.aspx   K Holtgrew-Bohling, Large Animal Clinical Procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 2nd Edition, Mosby, 2012, ISBN: 97803223077323 K Holtgrew-Bohling   McCurnin, Dennis and Bassert, Joanna, Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 6 th Edition, W. B. Saunders, 2005, ISBN 0721606121.

46. Editions  Dr. Mendoza  Dr. Brahmbhatt