1. Welcome Back! What’s up for today? Get out notebook, planner, notes (HW) OMG! We have SOOOOO much to get done today!1! –How’d YOU do that? –Reading check activity –Discussion: The Americas before Columbus –The Columbian Exchange Activity –Competing Colonial Strategies in the New World

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Maps/Figs/Tables, 1–2 The Big Questions for Today What did the New World look like before Europeans showed up? What was the immediate impact on BOTH Europe, Africa, and the Americans due to initial European contact and exploration? How did the colonial strategies of the Spanish, French, Portuguese, & Dutch differ?

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Maps/Figs/Tables, 1–3 Just exactly what did the Europeans discover in 1492? BEFORE you read this chapter, what did you know or think about the Americas and Native Americans?

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Maps/Figs/Tables, 1–4 The BIG Theme Amazing/extreme diversity among peoples and groups in the Americas Diversity lays over some key commonalities –ID as part of family groups over individual or subject of gov’t –Emp. on reciprocity & mutual obligation over coercion (to stabilize society) –Whole universe (incl. nature) is sacred How do these characteristics compare/contrast with the views of most Europeans in 1500? Reinforced through cultural diffusion (war, trade, migration)

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Maps/Figs/Tables, 1–5 Getting people to the Americas When?  During last Ice Age (12,000-35,000 years ago) How?  Bering Land Bridge  Boats along Pacific Coasts Why?  Likely following food sources (megafauna) Map 1.1: Peopling of the Americas

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Maps/Figs/Tables, 1–6 Getting people to the Americas Map 1.1: Peopling of the Americas Issues with these ideas?  MANY!!  Happened too fast  More diversity than expected on time frame  Spanish lang. archeologists in Meso & South America had different theories than English lang. archeologists in N. America (only last couple decades really started to compare notes) Other Theories?  Aliens (Nazca lines, Mayan Temples, disappearance of some groups)  Chinese arriving in 1421 (pacific crossing, maybe leave via Atlantic)  Egyptians or other Mediterranean groups (Atlantis?) arriving sometime before 1000 BC (Atlantic crossing)

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Maps/Figs/Tables, 1–7 The First Americans: 13,000-2500 BC The environment we know today probably began around BC 2500. Farming begins –Mexico & Central Am. by 3000 BC –New Mexcio to Amazon by 2500 BC

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Maps/Figs/Tables, 1–8 Cultural Diversity, 2500 BC – 1500 AD Societies that successfully adapted & improved farming became the most powerful Powerful and advanced societies developed throughout North and South America

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Maps/Figs/Tables, 1–9 Map 1.2: Major Mesoamerican Cultures, c. 1000 b.c.–a.d. 1519 Maya Aztec

10. Map 1.3: Major Andean Cultures, 900 b.c.–a.d. 1432 INCA

11. Map 1.4: Locations of Selected Native American Peoples, a.d. 1500

12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Maps/Figs/Tables, 1–12 “Cahokia” – Mississippian Culture

13. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Maps/Figs/Tables, 1–13 Activity: Diversity by Region Work in groups of 3 Divide newsprint into four blocks Title each block one of the major Native American regions: –Mesoamerica & South America –Southwest –Eastern Woodlands –Non-farming societies In each block draw key ideas or words to symbolize the groups in that region This is a VISUAL exercise !!

14. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Maps/Figs/Tables, 1–14 North America on the Eve of Contact Population: 1500  75 million in W. Hemisphere –7-10 million in N.A. –Several hundred tribes/nations –Very diverse, but with key commonalities Kinship & Gender –Extended family groups more important than nuclear families –Women did farming (except Southwest) –WAS fighting, rarely large numbers of deaths Spiritual & Social Values –Nature (incl. people) sacred –Relied on nature, therefore took care to not to abuse/overuse –Heavily relied on reciprocity as social stabilizer