1. Genetic indicators of metapopulation boundaries and dynamics in Steller sea lions: implications for recovery of an endangered species Greg O’Corry-Crowe Carolina Bonin Tom Gelatt Ken Pitcher Tom Loughlin John Bickham Barbara Taylor Douglas DeMaster SWFSCNMMLADF&GTAMU/Purdue

2. Geographic variation in population trends and ecology in Steller sea lions highlight the need for a better understanding of dispersal patterns, breeding behaviour and population structure at local, regional and macro- geographic scales Molecular genetic analysis can provide unique insights into these population parameters on both evolutionary and more contemporary time frames The focus of the current study is the use of multiple molecular genetic markers in the resolution of dispersal patterns and breeding behaviour (gene flow) at the rookery, regional and meta-population level Dispersal patterns and population structure in Steller sea lions

3. Earlier studies of mtDNA variation revealed evolutionary-level differentiation at macro-geographic scales Reflects isolation and subsequent expansion of Pleistocene refugial populations Eastern and Western Stock at 144°W Dispersal patterns and population structure in Steller sea lions

4. KAM OKH BER PWS NCA ORE SEA COM WALCAL EAL WGA CGA BRC KUR RUSSIAALASKA Cape Suckling 135°W 180°135°E Sampled Rookeries JAPAN 144°W EASTERN STOCK WESTERN STOCK ASIAN STOCK Bickham et al., 1996, 1998

5. Earlier studies of mtDNA variation revealed evolutionary-level differentiation at macro-geographic scales Reflects isolation of two Pleistocene refugial populations Eastern and Western Stock at 144°W Phylogeographic-level differentiation was subsequently found within the Western Stock, with a break west of the Commander Islands proposed split into a Western/Central and Asian Stock These findings were recently supported by nuclear DNA analysis Dispersal patterns and population structure in Steller sea lions

6. KAM OKH BER PWS NCA ORE SEA COM WALCAL EAL WGA CGA BRC KUR RUSSIAALASKA Cape Suckling 135°W 180°135°E Sampled Rookeries JAPAN 144°W EASTERN STOCK WESTERN STOCK ASIAN STOCK Baker et al., 2005; Harlin-Cognato et al., 2006; Hoffman et al., 2006

7. Differences in Steller sea lion population trends and foraging ecology exist over smaller spatial scales than the current stocks Marine ecosystem boundaries and regime shifts occur over smaller spatial and temporal scales than those generating the evolutionary-scale differences observed Hypothesis 1: is there further population structure within Alaska Steller sea lions? Hypothesis 2:is this structure related to population dynamics, ecology and marine ecosystem? Part 1. Dispersal patterns and population structure within the Western Stock

8. Materials and Methods Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maternally inherited, non-recombination and rapidly evolving longer sequence (531bp) compared to previous studies (234bp) Microsatellite loci biparentally inherited, recombining, highly polymorphic screened 37 loci, chose 16 Sampled large numbers of pups (n=1,654) from most Alaskan rookeries (n=28) Data analysis:phylogenetic reconstruction: MSN, NJ, UPGMA population subdivision: Arlequin, Genepop (F st, Ф st ), Structure 2.1 time of lineage divergence: BEAST isolation-by-distance: Arelquin (Mantel tests) assignment tests: Structure 2.1, Bayes, BAYESASS

9. Eastern DPS Western DPS Sampled rookeries

10. Substantial phylogeographic partitioning of mtDNA haplotypes among long established Eastern DPS and Western DPS rookeries confirming an ancient divergence between these two populations Using a range of coalescent models of historical population growth as priors the time of divergence of lineages found exclusively in the Eastern or Western DPS today, was estimated at 226,000 (CV. 36,000-479,000) to 399,000 (CV. 240,00-544,000) yr. ago. Average pairwsie differences among individuals from both DPSs date population divergence at 213,000 yr. Results

11. F st for mitochondrial DNA Gulf of Alaska E. Aleutians Central Aleutians W. Aleutians Inter-rookery differentiation limited female dispersal Subdivision and dispersal within the Western DPS

12. Gulf of Alaska E. Aleutians Central Aleutians W. Aleutians Inter-rookery differentiation limited female dispersal Regional differentiation demographic independence F st for mitochondrial DNA Subdivision and dispersal within the Western DPS

13. UPGMA analysis based on F st Gulf of Alaska and east Aleutian rookeries central and west Aleutian rookeries

14. Concern that sample size (P) and geographic separation (F st ) may have influenced this finding

15. Among-group ‘sliding window’ analysis to control for geographic scale and sample size

16. Among-group ‘sliding window’ analysis to control for geographic scale and sample size

17. Among-group ‘sliding window’ analysis to control for geographic scale and sample size

18. Among-group ‘sliding window’ analysis to control for geographic scale and sample size

19. Among-group ‘sliding window’ analysis to control for geographic scale and sample size

20. Among-group ‘sliding window’ analysis to control for geographic scale and sample size

21. Among-group ‘sliding window’ analysis to control for geographic scale and sample size

22. Among-group ‘sliding window’ analysis to control for geographic scale and sample size

23. Among-group ‘sliding window’ analysis to control for geographic scale and sample size

24. Among-group ‘sliding window’ analysis to control for geographic scale and sample size

25. Among-group ‘sliding window’ analysis to control for geographic scale and sample size

26. Among-group ‘sliding window’ analysis to control for geographic scale and sample size

27. Among-group ‘sliding window’ analysis to control for geographic scale and sample size

28. Among-group ‘sliding window’ analysis to control for geographic scale and sample size

29. Trends in abundance (York et al., 1996, Sease & Gundmundson, 2002)

30. Seal lion diet (Sinclair and Zeppelin, 2002) Atka mackeral Walleye pollock salmon

31. Samalga Pass = strong front in water properties along the Aleutian chain to the east : warmer, fresher, nitrate-poor, high 1 o productivity to the west: cooler, more saline, nitrate-rich, low 1 o productivity Ladd et al. (2005) Alaskan Stream Alaska Coastal Current Aleutian North Slope Current Bering Slope Current

33. Conclusions : The Western DPS of Steller sea lions consists of 2 distinct metapopulations The split coincides with a strong physical and biogeographic boundary between two marine ecosystems The 2 metapopulations have separate ecologies and experienced differing trends in abundance Implications : Meets the criteria for 2 Distinct Population Segments under U.S. ESA Future research efforts should be based on this improved understanding of population subdivision and dispersal G. O’Corry-Crowe, B.L. Taylor, T. Gelatt, T. Loughlin, J. Bickham, M. Basterretche, K. Pitcher, and D.P. DeMaster (2006)

34. Part 2. Emigration, migration and colonization in Steller sea lions: new rookeries suggest a new paradigm The sequence of colonization of new rookeries in Southeast Alaska has been northward from: Forrester HazyWhite Sisters Graves Rocks Hypothesis 3: the new rookeries were colonized by dispersing females from long-established, overcrowded Eastern Stock rookeries

35. 1979 1990 1998 Graves Rock Hazy White Sisters Forester Steller sea lion rookery colonization – mtDNA study c. 1900 Western Stock Eastern Stock

36. Steller sea lion rookery colonization – mtDNA study Eastern lineages Western lineages Graves Rock Hazy White Sisters Forester

37. New sea lion rookeries have mixed origins Mimimum Spanning Tree of 130 mtDNA haplotypes Haplotypes found in the Eastern Stock Haplotypes found in the Western Stock Haplotypes found in Graves Rock and White Sisters

38. New sea lion rookeries have mixed origins Mimimum Spanning Tree of 130 mtDNA haplotypes Haplotypes found in the Eastern Stock Haplotypes found in the Western Stock Haplotypes found in Graves Rock and White Sisters Assignment test

39. Steller sea lion rookery colonization – mtDNA study 1979 1990 1998 c. 1900

40. Branded female from Sugarloaf on White Sisters with a newborn pup

41. Conclusions: Molecular genetics documented behaviour in real time Molecular genetics documented a rare event, emigration across evolutionarily distinct boundaries. Motivations for dispersal likely differed between females from the Western DPS and the Eastern DPS A unique opportunity to document the mechanisms of rookery formation Current research: Investigating the male component by screening 40 microsatellite markers Implications: Questions our understanding of the current stock boundaries Interpretation of comparative studies may need to be re-evaluated Caution when applying equilibrium models to population structure inference.

42. Population Structure, kinship, mating systems and dispersal patterns in Steller Sea lions Marker type: microsatellites 37 tested n=574 12 rookeries Preliminary results: 10 hypervariable loci screened for 574 sea lions 7 more to screen Individual identity substantial subdivision indicating limited interbreeding as well as limited female dispersal between the eastern DPS and western DPS Assignment tests suggest that some pups born on new rookeries in Southeast Alaska were fathered by Western males.

43. Future Directions Microsatellite analysis of the Aleutian Passes break Genetics of colonization and extinction on other rookeries Steller sea lion mating systems Paternity of pups on White Sisters and Graves Rocks rookeries Structure within rookeries

44. Acknowledgements Funding for our research has been provided by: NOAA Fisheries and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game Thanks are due to: Amy Frey, Marc Basterretche, Rich Cosgrove Lori Rea, Lauren Hansen, Carrie LeDuc, Steve Reilly, John Bengtson, Kaja Brix, and Bob Small And to all those souls who braved the elements and sharp teeth to collect samples Finally, to Rolf Ream for loaning me his PC after mine crashed!!!