1. DNA / RNA

2. tRNA rRNA mRNA 5’ 3’ Types of RNA

3. Transcription: transfer of information from DNA to RNA in the nucleus  In the process of transcription DNA is used to make a complimentary strand of RNA  The WHOLE strand of DNA doesn’t get turned into RNA at once  Instead, as needed, small sections of DNA are transcribed into RNA Sections are called???  GENES

12. Transcription: If a gene is transcribed into mRNA it is being “expressed” Having the gene in your DNA is not enough It MUST be turned into RNA to do anything

13. Genetic Code: Every three bases of the mRNA is called a Codon Each codon represents an Amino Acid The first codon of a gene is ALWAYS AUG 5’ 3’ AU GA GG

14. Genetic Code: There are 64 possible three base combinations of AUGC 1 is the start codon AUG (methionine) 3 are stop codons and tell the cell when the protein is done: UAA, UAG, UGA The other 60 represent the other 19 amino acids.

16. Genetic Code: AUG tells the cell to bring in the amino acid Methionine AGG tells the cell to bring in a different amino acid, arginine 5’ 3’ AU GA GG

17. Translation: The mRNA formed in transcription is taken to the ribosome where it serves as the directions to form a sequence of amino acids which form proteins. - Ribosome is made out of protein and rRNA

18. Translation: Step 1: mRNA lines up in the ribosome 5’ 3’ AU GA GG

19. Translation: Step 2: Enter tRNA - tRNA is a twisted up piece of RNA with an amino acid attached to one end

20. V. Translation: Step 2: Enter tRNA - Only bases we are interested in are the 3 at the bottom - These are called the Anti-codon

21. Translation: Step 2: Enter tRNA - There is a tRNA with a unique anti- codon for each Amino Acid - The anti-codon binds to its complimentary codon in the mRNA

22. Translation: 5’ 3’ Step 2: tRNA with anti-codon complimentary to AUG enters Ribosome with the first amino acid AA 1

23. Translation: AA 2 5’ 3’ Step 3: Next tRNA enters and chain of amino acids begins AA 1

24. Translation: 5’ 3’ Step 3: Next tRNA enters and chain of amino acids begins AA 1 AA 2

25. Translation: 5’ 3’ Step 3: Next tRNA enters and chain of amino acids begins AA 1 AA 2

26. Translation: 5’ 3’ Step 4: A covalent Bond forms between AA1 and AA2 AA 1 AA 2

27. Translation: 5’ 3’ Step 5: Ribosome shifts, releases tRNA 1, opens up new codon on the mRNA AA 1 AA 2 AA 3

28. Translation: 5’ 3’ Step 5: Ribosome shifts, releases tRNA 1, opens up new codon on the mRNA AA 1 AA 2 AA 3

29. Translation: 5’ 3’ Step 5: Ribosome shifts, releases tRNA 1, opens up new codon on the mRNA AA 1 AA 2 AA 3

30. Translation: 5’ 3’ Step 5: Ribosome shifts, releases tRNA 1, opens up new codon on the mRNA AA 1 AA 2 AA 3

31. Translation: 5’ 3’ Step 6: Process continues until open codon is one of the 3 STOPS. AA 1 AA 2 AA 3 STOP

32. VI. Translation: 5’ 3’ Step 7: Completed Protein is released. AA 1 AA 2 AA 3 STOP

33. Transcription (happens in the nucleus) Translation (happens at the ribosome)

35. Translate the mRNA an amino Acid sequence.

36. Useful links - Lew - Port's Biology Place