1. From DNA to Protein

2. Remember Genes On Chromosomes??? Some genes contain the instructions to make a protein

3. Some proteins are: Structural Functional Gives form and structure…… Examples: Keratin (skin, nails, horns), Collagen (connective tissue), Actin and Myosin (muscles) Have a job to do…..Examples: Hormones (signal proteins such as insulin), enzymes, antibodies

4. ***Proteins are polymers made up of single subunits called amino acids ***Amino acids bonded together (a peptide bond)

5. From Gene to Protein DNA can’t do it alone. Needs the help of another nucleic acid molecule called RNA (Ribonucleic acid) ** RNA involved: tRNA, transfer RNA mRNA, messenger RNA

6. Compare DNA and RNA DNA RNA A, G, C, T A, G, C, U * Double- Stranded *Deoxyribose sugar *Single-Stranded *Ribose sugar

7. How are Proteins Assembled?? 2 step process make up protein synthesis: –Transcription –Translation

8. Protein Synthesis Basics

10. DNA, has the instructions (genetic code) to build a protein Protein Synthesis is Like a Factory……….

11. The process by which DNA is ‘read’ to produce a strand of mRNA. Notice there are NO T’s in mRNA!!! A G T C G T C A A T G C T A T G C A T T C C G T A C T C A G C A G T T A C G A T A C G T A A G G C A T G DNA mRNA A G U C G U C A A U G C U A U G C A U U C C G U A C RNA polymerase 5’ 3’ TRANSCRIPTION

12. Three mRNA Bases Are Called Codons ** mRNA’s codons code for one of 20 naturally occurring amino acids (See your handout) ** Eample; AUG is amino acid Methionine (Met), the codon that begins translation **A stop codon (*UAA, UAG or UGA) ends the process

14. mRNA binds to a ribosome that “reads” the mRNA codons mRNA codon

15. When tRNA (transfer RNA) has an anti-codon that compliments mRNA’s codon, it will release its amino acid Amino Acid tRNA Anti-Codon mRNA Codon

16. A G U C G U C A A U G C U A U G C A U U C C G U A C G Remember our strand of mRNA from before? U C AG C AG U UA C GA U AC G UA A GG C AU G C SER ALA VAL THR ILE ARG LYS TRANSLATION

17. Polypeptides Proteins are polypeptides They fold according to its function such as enzymes and antibodies

18. Recall Enzymes  proteins that control biochemical reactions including the synthesis of DNA, RNA and Proteins

19. Let’s Synthesize! ** Remember, to decipher amino acid sequence you read the mRNA codon NOT the tRNA anti-codon ** Look at your table of mRNA codons! DNA Instruction Code TACCCGAGCGTATGCATT mRNA’s Transcription AUGGGCUCGCAUACG TTC AAG GGA CCU GTA CAUUAA tRNA’s Translation UAC Amino Acid (based on mRNA!!!) Met Start CCG Gly AGC Ser GUA His UGC Thr UUC Lys GGA Pro GUA His AUU Stop ** Notice that tRNA is EXACTLY the same as DNA but the T’s have been replaced with U’s