1.  The New religions

2.  Definition: o the 16 th - Century movement to reform the doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic Church, which resulted in the formation of Protestant churches.

3.  Individuals should follow the rules, rituals, and teachings of the Roman Catholic church.  Individuals should question and respond to the Bible, personally.

4.  After the printing press was invented, the Bible was translated into vernacular languages, which meant more people could read it in their mother tongue. What language was the Bible written in before these translations occured?  As more people became literate, there was less need for the clergy to interpret the Bible. Gave people the option to worship on their own; outside of church, and lessened the control of religion of the church itself.

5.  Martin Luther (1483-1546) Lutheranism o In 1517, Luther began to speak publicly of his concerns with Church teachings and practices o Had a real problems with the churches idea of Indulgences (see slide 6) and came up with 95 Theses, a pamphlet nailed to the door of the church, stating the 95 Church reforms Luther felt were necessary

6.  John Calvin (1509 – 1564) Calvinism o Introduced a strict form of Protestantism based on a single ideal – believe and practice only what is written in the Bible. o Calvin believed people should conduct their lives according to a strict moral code and that church and state should not be separated.

7.  Following the rituals of the institution of the church was not enough to get into heaven  Individuals should seek personal religious understanding  Individuals should not pay the Church (indulgences) to receive forgiveness for their sins.

8.  A list of the 95 reforms Luther believed the Church needed to accomplish. (here are only the first 5) 1. When our Lord and Master, Jesus Christ, said "Repent", He called for the entire life of believers to be one of repentance. 2. The word cannot be properly understood as referring to the sacrament of penance, i.e. confession and satisfaction, as administered by the clergy. 3. Yet its meaning is not restricted to repentance in one's heart; for such repentance is null unless it produces outward signs in various mortifications of the flesh. 4. As long as hatred of self abides (i.e. true inward repentance) the penalty of sin abides, viz., until we enter the kingdom of heaven. 5. The pope has neither the will nor the power to remit any penalties beyond those imposed either at his own discretion or by canon law.

9.  France: o Huguenot Cross – Huguenots French Humanists that were interested in Luther’s works; A series of religious wars between the Catholics and the Huguenots lasted for almost 40 year; Roman Catholic Church supported persecution and massacres of the dissident Huguenots  Scotland: o John Knox (1505-1572) Presbyterian Church Created Presbyteries – councils of men that governed the church.

10.  The Renaissance began with most Europeans practising one common religious belief, Roman Catholicism, tied together through a common language, Latin. By the end of the Renaissance, Europe was a patchwork of differing Christian denominations. The fight for religious freedom created a sense of solidarity and common identity among people that influenced the formation of countries.