2. On-farm tree nurseries for Tree Domestication Jonathan Muriuki

3. On-farm tree nurseries; Overview Why focus on on-farm tree nurseries ? Nursery categories Constraints and points of intervention Research questions Challenges Nursery associations

4. Why focus on the on-farm tree nurseries ? Vital information to tree domestication (species diversity, supply and demand, improvement value) Seedling distribution and marketing strategies Support on-going research (type 2 & 3 on-farm species trials, nursery experiments) Quality seedling production on-farm to reflect true species/provenance potential Income generation to alleviate poverty Tree nursery operators as extension agents

5. Nursery categories Generalist Vs specialist Ease of propagation (seed pretreatment, vegetative propagation techniques) Area of specialisation (indigenous species or exotic, fruit, timber etc)

6. Central nurseries Operated by organisations (schools, NGOs, research projects, private companies) Staff directly employed or re-deployed hence impressive Differ depending on institutional capacity (BAT vs a primary school) Necessary for production of difficult and long-term species (often specialist) Disadvantages - transport of seedlings, distribution of benefits, cash-flow fluctuations

7. Group nurseries Mainly overflows of other group activities Seen as part of social activities Different forms e.g central group nursery or several satellite nurseries or each member has own nursery under common leadership Generate income but rarely make profit Good for on-farm trials especially in members farms Constant group disintegration effects Members use left-overs which reflect poorly

8. Individual (private) nurseries Privately managed for sale or private use More enterprising with seeds purchased and seedlings sold hence good indicators of germplasm delivery pathways More species diversity for a basketful of options to clients (often generalist) More competitive meaning high seedling quality but also more variable

9. Nursery constraints and points of intervention Lack of basic information - training and follow-up, nursery associations, collaboration links with other agencies Germplasm supply - minimal seed supply, supply information on seed dealers, contracts for on- farm seed production

10. Constraints cont.. Inputs - information and cheap alternatives especially water Marketing of seedlings - Link to users of seedlings where possible, nursery associations, linkages with other agencies, training on marketing and entrepreneurship

11. Research Questions How many nurseries do we need in a landscape ? How do we address some of the constraints ? - MSc studies etc Technical questions -Seed and seedling quality issues Socio-economic questions - community action and marketing issues

12. Some challenges to development of on-farm nurseries Community dynamics - varying binding factors in community (group dynamics, nursery associations) Operator frustrations – natural calamities, some manage, some fail; attitudes Balance between research and development

13. Nursery associations The nursery fashion of farmer co-operatives as an idea of the project Allow transparency and better information sharing on demand forecast, bulk orders, new species, seed sources etc Channels for collaboration and training Share financial and marketing information Sourcing within network Networking with seed dealers / suppliers

14. Developing nursery associations Group nurseries Support in form of extension visits, seeds, input packages and training Nursery associations Individual nurseries Little support but generate income - little entrepreneurial skills Networks link to bulk demand, seed sources, training and information on new species & markets Link through workshops, meetings etc Groups break up - Area specific scale and mode of development