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CHAPTER 2 MAPPING OUR WORLD
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Latitude & Longitude Cartography – Science of mapmaking.
Cartographers use an imaginary grid of parallel lines and vertical lines to locate points on Earth.
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Latitude & Longitude The equator circles Earth halfway between the north and south poles. Above equator = Northern Hemisphere Below equator = Southern Hemisphere
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LATITUDE Lines of latitude are lines running parallel to the equator.
Latitude is the distance in degrees north or south of the equator.
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LONGITUDE Distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian.
Prime Meridian: Representing 0° Longitude, it is the reference point for longitude.
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LONGITUDE Points west of Prime Meridian are numbered 0°-180° W Longitude. Points east of Prime Meridian are numbered 0°-180° E Longitude.
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LONGITUDE To locate positions more precisely, latitude and longitude are broken down into minutes and seconds
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Locating With Coordinates
Both latitude & longitude are needed to precisely locate positions on earth. Latitude comes first, then longitude Ex: New Orleans = 29°57’ N, 90°04’ W
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TIME ZONES Because Earth takes 24 hours to rotate once on its axis, it is divided into 24 time zones. Each time zone represents a different hour.
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TIME ZONES Each time zone is 15° wide.
The US has six different time zones.
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International Date Line
International Date Line: 180° Meridian serves as transition for calendar days. Traveling west = Advanced one day Traveling east = Move back one day
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TYPES OF MAPS
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1. Mercator Projections Has parallel lines of latitude and longitude.
Shapes of landmasses are correct, but their areas are distorted.
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2. Conic Projections A map made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone. Distortion is evident near the top and bottom of the projection
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3. Gnomonic Projections Map made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a piece of paper that touches the globe at a single point. Distort direction and distance between landmasses.
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4. Topographic Maps Maps showing the elevation of hills and valleys.
Contour lines: Connects points of equal elevation. Contour Interval: Difference in elevation between two side-by-side contour lines. Index Contours: Contour lines marked by their true elevation
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Map Legends Explains or depicts what the symbols mean on a topographic map. Map Scales: Ratio between the distances on a map and actual distances on Earth’s surface.
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Remote Sensing Process of collecting data about Earth far above Earth’s surface.
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
Satellites detect different wavelengths of energy reflected or emitted from Earth’s surface. Ex: visible light, X rays, ultraviolet waves, infrared waves, radio waves, and microwaves.
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency: Number of waves that pass a point each second.
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LANDSAT SATELLITES Receives reflected wavelengths of energy emitted by Earth’s surface. Topex/Poseidon Satellite: Uses radar to map features on the ocean floor.
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