1. Therapy

2. What types of psychological therapies are there? 4 Psychoanalysis 4 Humanistic therapy 4 Behavior therapy 4 Cognitive therapy 4 Group & family therapy

3. Psychoanalysis 4 Sigmund Freud 4 Assumes problems are created by childhood memories, impulses and conflicts 4 Psychoanalysis brings these childhood memories and conflicts into consciousness to be “worked through” and resolved.

4. Psychoanalysis (cont.) 4 Therapist uses “free association” (say what comes to mind) and dream analysis (interpretation of latent content of dreams) to get at repressed impulses. 4 Problems with psychoanalysis –Difficult to determine effectiveness scientifically –Too lengthy - takes years with several sessions a week.

5. Humanistic Therapy 4 Client Centered Therapy –Carl Rogers –Emphasizes your potential for self fulfillment –Focus on the present, not the past –Conscious not unconscious –You are responsible for your actions.

6. Client Centered Therapy (cont.) 4 Unconditional positive regard –I accept what you say without judgment 4 Active listening –Paraphrasing -Restate the ideas in your own words. 4 Invite clarification - Do you have an example? I want to understand. 4 Reflect feelings - “That sounds frustrating?”

7. Client Centered Therapy (cont.) 4 Results –As therapist reflects unconditional positive regard (acceptance), the clients begins to accept themselves and feel valued.

8. Behavior Therapy 4 Views problems as learned behavior, not based on unresolved childhood conflicts 4 Applies learning principles to eliminate unwanted behavior.

9. Classical conditioning 4 Bedwetting alarm pad

10. Systematic Desensitization 4 You can not be both relaxed and have high anxiety 4 Paring relaxation with what creates fear –Spider example

11. Aversive conditioning 4 Associates negative behavior with negative feelings 4 Mother spanks child for running into the street 4 Pedophiles & shock 4 Alcohol & nausea

12. Token economy 4 Reward for positive behavior 4 When patient makes his bed, he gets a token (plastic coin) that can be exchanged for candy, T.V. viewing, etc.

13. Cognitive therapy

14. 4 Assumes: Thinking effects feelings 4 Event - your mind - your response 4 E.g. self-blame and overgeneralization of negative events creates depression.

15. Cognitive therapy

17. Group and Family Therapy 4 Group therapy –6 - 10 people –Often as effective as individual therapy –Cheaper –Allows a social content Feedback from others You are not alone

18. Group and Family Therapy (Cont.) 4 Support groups –Not quite the same as group therapy –No “therapist” - members support each other with a director 4 Family therapy –No person is an island –The family is the patient - not just the person with the “symptoms”.

19. Evaluating Psychotherapies

20. How effective are psychotherapies? 4 Regression toward the mean –Will people get better anyway? –The tendency for unusual events to return to normal

21. Alternative Therapies 4 Light Exposure Therapy –For seasonal affective Disorder (SAD) –Winter depression –Light boxes used in the morning appear to be effective.

22. Biomedical therapies

23. Effectiveness of drug therapies 4 Placebo effect –You get what you expect –If you think something will help, often it does. 4 Double blind technique –Used to determine the extent of the placebo effect. –Separating the direct effect of the drug from the expectations of its effectiveness. 4 E.g. Testing antianxiety medication.